Kemetic History of Afrika * Blue Lotus*

THE MAYAN COSMIC SAP

2011-12-15T09:58:00.000-08:00

William Henry

Scientists say to open wormholes we’ll need a particle accelerator. To keep them open will require something referred to as “exotic matter” or “dark matter”. Scientists at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland are working on discovering its secrets. I toured the high-energy physics lab after my France tour.

Scientists at CERN are in a race with Fermilab, in Batavia, Ill. to discover the God Particle, a fundamental, but elusive, sub atomic particle that is given divine proportions by its moniker, the God Particle, and dark matter, the invisible, enigmatic substances that together are thought to comprise 96 per cent of the mass of the universe.

Scheduled to begin operation in May ’08, I believe CERN is on a path to discover what the Mayans described as a ‘blessed substance’ or ‘sap’ they called itz (literally ‘the blessed substance’).

The Mayans said Itz comes out of a cosmic tree, an alignment (or cross) of stars and planets, as for example, the 2012 galactic alignment we are presently experiencing. Usually, when one thinks of ‘sap’ they’re thinking of a watery liquid nutrient that circulates through the conducting tissues of a plant or tree (that or a person who acts like an idiot). However, when

I Googled ‘cosmic sap’ I found that ‘sap’ is also an acronym for ‘sub atomic particle’ (or sap). Hmm. Are the Mayans describing a ‘blessed sub atomic particle’ that will appear in 2012, give or take year or two? Is this the same as the God Particle? I think so.

Simulation of the decay of the God Particle in the CMS detector at CERN

Fermilab’s newsletter features a logo with a stylized simulation of the God Particle

I was inspired to superimpose the God Particle logo over the Transfiguration painting. They’re a perfect match!

First imagined in the 1960s by a British physicist, Peter Higgs, the God Particle (aka ‘the Higgs Boson’) is thought to exist in an all-pervading field, giving all other particles their mass. Discovery of it will enable us to graduate from cosmic kindergarten, so to speak, to first grade.

The Egyptians called this ‘all pervading field’ the Field of Aaru, or ‘the Dimension of the Blessed’. For insight into this Blessed Dimension see my book and DVD presentation, Starwalkers and the Dimension of the Blessed.

In The Fields of the Blessed

2011-10-19T05:52:00.000-07:00

Do the Reeds of Papyrus on the Banks of the Nile Hold the Secrets of Hidden Dimensions?

BY WILLIAM HENRY

“The doors of the sky are opened, the doors of the firmament are thrown open at dawn for Horus of the Gods. He goes up to the Field of Reeds, he bathes in the Field of Reeds.”—Utterance 325, Pyramid Text.

In numerous ancient traditions there is a description of a hidden and blessed place linked by a chain of symbols, a repetition of place names (the Reed Place), and references to this place as a door to a parallel dimension. As I document in my book, Starwalkers and the Dimension of the Blessed, whether we look to the Mayans, the Egyptians, the early Christians, or the Holy Grail legends, we find a recollection of an essential teaching about this ‘blessed’ place.

For instance, in the ancient Egyptian records of Amenta, the “Hidden Place,” we learn of two mounts. Atop the higher mount we find the gate to the Field of Reeds, also known as the Aarru Fields of Heaven. Aarru means “blessed”. The ancient Egyptian’s direct experiences of this blessed realm are recorded in texts and in scenes on temple walls.

Ancient traditions the world over are also loaded with stories about beatified beings that travel between our world and the blessed realm. Sages, shamans and bodhisattvas who used spiritual technology—dreams, visions, hallucinogens, remote viewing—to expand consciousness to explore this realm left us these descriptions. They who learned about it also spent much of their lives preparing spiritually to enter it.

In Lost Secrets of the Sacred Ark, Laurence Gardner makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of this “Field” (plane, zone) by declaring that Aaru is also called the Dimension of the Blessed. Science fiction TV shows and movies often mention the concept of dimension. In the common mind this word connotes parallel universes, alternate universes and planes of existence. Was the ancient mind also tuned to the concept that one could travel to parallel/alternate universes/planes/fields? As many stories say (and physics theorizes), these universes are closer to us than we realize.

Hesiod called this dimension the Isle of the Blessed and the Elysium. Those mortals who were fortunate enough went to dwell on the Blessed Isle for eternity. Elysium was an “Apple-land,” like Avalon or Eden.

In the Aeneid, Virgil referred to it by additional names, including “Land of Joy,” “the Fortunate Wood” and the “Home of the Blessed.” It is claimed to have been located on the White Island, which was called Leuke or Leuce, a word that is very close to Luc, which means light. In the apocryphal Book of Enoch, Enoch, the prophet who walked the stars with God, speaks of proceeding to ‘the middle of the earth,’ where he beheld a ‘blessed land,’ ‘happy and fertile.’ An angel shows him ‘the first and last secrets in heaven above, and in the depths of the earth: In the extremities of heaven, and in the foundations of it, and in the receptacle of the winds.’ Jesus also descended to what some believe to be the ‘inner earth’ between his crucifixion and resurrection.

The Field of the Blessed resonates to the Christian ideal of the Kingdom of Heaven. They share the same message. Jesus urged us to “go within” to seek it. … and to not stop seeking until we find the truth. Only then will we be free.

Those with a blessed heart, Jesus said, will see this kingdom. In addition, in the Pistis Sophia he is more direct, saying: “Cease not to seek day and night and remit not yourselves until ye find the purifying mysteries which will purify you and make you into a refined light, so that you will go on height and inherit the light of my kingdom.” It appears that the wisdom taught to Enoch in the ‘inner earth’ may have had something to do with transforming himself into a being of light preparatory to entering the dimension of the blessed.

The Afterlife Journey

Among the primary source materials for the Greek and Roman tales about the Field of the Blessed, and I believe Jesus’ statements, is the Book of the Amduat (or Tuat). This Egyptian text began appearing c. 1500 B.C. It describes the after-life journey of the initiated pharaoh to the Field of the Blessed (Aarru), the netherworld kingdom ruled by Osiris, where all the wishes of the deceased would be fulfilled.

The Egyptian Pyramid Texts, which provide instruction about the afterlife, are also loaded with references to the Field of the Blessed. Another Egyptian source is the Edfu Texts written in stone on the walls of the Temple of Horus, the Sun-god, at Edfu, Egypt, which was constructed around 250 B.C., but whose sources are much older. The walls of this temple feature the story of the arrival of sages from the stars who created a civilization beside a Field of Reeds.

In Egypt, the papyrus reeds grow abundantly along the banks of the Nile. Intriguingly, Byblos is the Greek word for papyrus. Bible comes from byblos. Our English word “paper” is derived from the word “papyrus,” an Egyptian word that originally meant “that which belongs to the house” (the bureaucracy of ancient Egypt). The Egyptians used the reed and triangular shape (when viewed in cross section) as a metaphor for many aspects of life. The pyramids at Giza, sometimes referred to as the Bible in Stone, are magnificent examples of this metaphor.

In Egyptian hieroglyphs, a rolled papyrus made from the papyrus reed is the symbol for knowledge. A roll of papyrus symbolized the unfolding of life itself. Correspondingly, writing utensils were originally made of reeds. Thoth, the Egyptian god of divine magic and alchemy, is shown writing with a reed pen. Hence, the reed simply and elegantly symbolizes also wisdom. Perhaps this is why reading is fundamental to acquiring wisdom.

The metaphor of the reed continues in the afterlife Field or Place of Reeds where it signifies the unfolding of life in a finer realm, along the heavenly Nile, the Milky Way. Interestingly, the Hopi, ancient inhabitants of America, who reside in northern Arizona, use the word Songwuka, literally “the big reed,” for the Milky Way. This is strange. Bamboo grows in tropical areas, not arid Arizona. Had the Hopi somehow heard the tales of the reed from tropical Egypt or Canaan, the land across the ocean or from elsewhere? From afar, our home galaxy is a whirling white or light island of stars in the ocean of life. Is the bright center of the Milky Way the Field of Reeds at the center of the heavenly Nile? Is our galaxy’s black hole a gateway to another dimension?

Time and again we see paintings of priests and priestesses sailing on the waters of the heavenly Nile in the Blessed Field of Reeds. They are sailing the stars of the river of life, the Milky Way. The early 20th century British egyptologist Wallis Budge explains: “The Egyptians…from the earliest days… depicted to themselves a material heaven wherein Isles of the Blessed were laved by the waters of the Nile…others again lived in imagination on the banks of the heavenly Nile, whereon they built cities; and it seems as if the Egyptians never succeeded in conceiving a heaven without a Nile…”

The gods traverse the Field of the Blessed upon boats of eternity (which, by the way, precisely match the way modern science portrays a wormhole). Occasionally, they ascend and descend upon sky ropes, vines, and pillars. A key Egyptian symbol, the Djed pillar (also written TET), was originally made of papyrus reeds bundled together and was connected to the mother goddess, Hathor, and to Osiris, the Lord of the Eternity and the Field of the Blessed. The raising of the Djed was a symbol of the king’s ascent to the sky, the heavenly Nile, for it was thought of as the world pillar or ladder that connects the earthly realm with the heavenly Field of Reeds. As such, it was a multidimensional symbol. Its function suggests that a tether—a rope or cord that fastens two poles together—is also involved.

In the East the reed, which sprouted from the universal waters, stands for manifestation and equates with the lotus. It is the earliest stalk or tree of ascent. The Babel builders knew it well.

The Old Testament story of Moses parting the Red Sea (or properly the Reed Sea) with the Rod of God corresponds with the Egyptian ideas about the Field of Reeds and the Djed. As such, the story of parting of the Reed Sea is easily interpreted as an allegory for the opening of the Field or Dimension of the Blessed.

CANA

It is highly significant that Cana (‘reedy’) is the place where Jesus performed his first miracle, turning water into wine at a (his?) wedding feast, demonstrating his magical ability to interact with the other dimensional sacred reality… or to alter this one. In early Christian art Jesus, in the role of the Redeemer (phonetically reed-e-mer), is repeatedly shown performing this miracle, and all the others, with a rod or wand in his hand. What is this wand? Where did he get it? What is the rod made of? What happened to it? I’ve wondered about this for a very long time.

The reed symbol next reappears as a prominent tool in the crucifixion, first subtly, then overtly. After Pilate washed his hands of Jesus, the soldiers of the governor took Jesus into the common hall, and they stripped him, and put on him a purple robe, symbolic of royalty and sovereignty.

After putting the purple robe on Jesus, “they [had] platted a crown of thorns, they put [it] upon his head, and a reed in his right hand: and they bowed the knee before him, and mocked him, saying, Hail, King of the Jews!”

Next, “they took the reed and smote him on the head”.

Finally, a “reed” on which was put the sponge filled with vinegar was raised to Jesus’ mouth. They said, “Let’s see if Elias (Heb. ‘Eliahu, “Yahveh is God” also called Elijah) comes to save him.” And Jesus gave up the ghost.

Like Enoch, Elias was “translated,” so that he should not taste death. He became a starwalker. He was last seen talking with his spiritual son Eliseus on the hills of Moab when, “a fiery chariot, and fiery horses parted them both asunder, and Elias went up by a whirlwind into heaven.” In effect, the Romans are saying, “let’s see if Elijah comes out of the whirlwind to save him.” It appears the whirlwind (symbol of a vortex) and the reeds (symbol of another dimension) are entwined symbols.

Based upon the spotlighting of the reed symbol in the Passion of Jesus it is clear to me now that his rod was likely a ‘reed’ rod or wand that conducted the rays and radiations, the song of the Dimension of the Blessed. By portraying Jesus as a magician (or musician) with his reed wand the early church (A.D. 1st-2nd century) returned to him his power symbol or tool, which was turned against him by the Romans. This ‘reed wand,’ I propose, is the Holy Grail.

Intriguingly, the Holy Grail tradition kept the memory of the blessed place alive. For instance, Avalon is sometimes referred to as the legendary location where Jesus visited the British Isles with Joseph of Arimathea and was later the site of the first church in Britain. This church, known as the Wattle Church, was composed of reeds—a reed church.

Joseph of Arimathea revived the ancient tradition of symbolizing the Church by a reed.

One of the first of the Holy Grail romances was a poem called The Tale of the Grail, written by the French poet Chretien de Troyes around the year 1190. Curiously, introducing the book Chretien says he got the story from an older book given to him by his patron. He refers to the Grail Castle as the White Castle. Another Grail Romance, now known as the Didot Perceval, refers to it as “the White Castle in the White Town.” Another anonymous Grail author attempted to advance Chretien’s Tale of the Grail and stated that the White Town is in a region called “the White Land.” Yet another grail tale written around the time of the twelfth century, the Welsh story called Peredur, adds the incredible detail that the White Land is an area situated in the “Old Marshes” or… Old Reeds.

The reed symbolism reappears in the word Canon-ization, the ultimate act of consciousness in the Christian tradition. This is when one becomes a saint, effectively dividing or setting oneself apart from the rest of humanity.

According to some writers, the origin of beatification (becoming a blessed one) and canonization in the Catholic Church is to be traced back to the ancient pagan apotheosis: Deification, the exaltation of men to the rank of gods, or god making. The apotheosized are translated, like Elijah, to heaven—presumably in a whirling vehicle—and become starwalkers.

In Acts 2:4 the apostles were recognized as canonized when a “flame of invisible light,” a lamp, appeared on top of their heads (as it did on the Buddhist bodhisattvas). This flame streaming from their heads signified superintelligence and illumination.

Webster’s says the word can-dor, honesty in expressing oneself, comes from candere, to shine. This is also the root of candle. In early Christian history, those who had received baptism were called illuminati and were given a lighted taper as a symbol of their spiritual enlightenment. It is easy to see why a lit candle symbolizes ‘Christ,’ the light… of the Field of Reeds or the Dimension of the Blessed.

Whether spelled Canaan, Cana, Canon, Kanon, Kan or Kenon this word-vibration refers ultimately to the most mystical of paths, the one leading to the Field of Reeds, the Dimension of the Blessed. In one of those ironic twists of history the word Canon was applied cannon, a weapon, and to an ecclesiastical law or code of laws established by a church council and to scriptures ratified (adopted as law) by the church. The books of the Bible officially accepted as Holy Scripture are known as the Canon.

Ironically (or perhaps not), in the collective consciousness of the 21st century the Cana word-vibration is most closely associated with a space port. I speak, of course, of the Kennedy Space Center and Cape Canaveral (Spanish for “Cape of Canes or Reeds”), where many space shuttle launches take place. Though the place was named 400 years before NASA came along Canaveral, rings of its purpose: the connecting place to the blessed Field of Reeds. Humorously, its telephone area code is 321.

From the ancient to the modern world the reed place has meant the same thing. Now you know the rest of the story.

Hotep*

Origins Pt 2

2011-10-02T07:17:00.001-07:00

Spell 125 in the Book of the Dead provides what Egyptologist refer to as the "negative confession" or "declaration of innocence" so that the deceased could announce his innocence before the forty-two who were the assessors that judged the dead in the netherworld Hall of Justice, also known as the "Hall of the Two Truths". Hence, this spell takes the form of an address to each of these "judgment gods", who is named along with the specific plea before each god. These names of these gods were listed, together with an identification that was either a geographical region or some other identifying characteristic.

The tribunal of assessor gods is frequently depicted in the illustrations accompanying Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead, though only occasionally are all forty-two gods represented at once. More commonly, a representative selection of the gods is made, normally in the squatting position common to "seated god" hieroglyph, or standing. Sometimes they may hold knives, and at other times the feathers of ma'at as symbols of their judicial power.

Above and Below, from Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead in the Papyrus of Ani

These forty-two gods apparently were believed to judge all forms of evil, though some might overlap to some extent. For example, two gods represented robbery and stealing, respectively, but apparently stealing offerings, food and bread specifically each deserved the attention of an individual member of the tribunal. It is my guess this is also where the catholic church got the ideal of the Confession booth. The forty two gods where in confessor chambers lined in a row.

Origins

2011-10-02T06:21:00.001-07:00

Origins

Some historians believe that the Ten Commandments originated from ancient Egyptian religion, and postulate that the Biblical Jews borrowed the concept after their Exodus from Egypt. Chapter 125 of the Book of the Dead (the Papyrus of Ani) includes a list of things to which a man must swear in order to enter the afterlife. These sworn statements bear a remarkable resemblance to the Ten Commandments in their nature and their phrasing. These statements include "not have I defiled the wife of man," "not have I committed murder," "not have I committed theft," "not have I lied," "not have I cursed god," "not have I borne false witness," and "not have I abandoned my parents." The Book of the Dead has additional requirements, and, of course, doesn't require worship of YHWH

EGYPT'S LOST FLEET ( FOUND)

2011-08-15T07:16:00.000-07:00

The discovery of an ancient harbor on the Red Sea proves ancient Egyptians mastered oceangoing technology and launched a series of ambitious expeditions to far off lands.

A relief at the temple of the female pharaoh Hatshepsut in Luxor, Egypt, carved ca. 1480 B.B., shows a merchant ship on a trading expedition. Vessel artifacts match this depiction.

The scenes carved into a wall of the ancient Egyptian temple at Deir el-Bahri tell of a remarkable sea voyage. A fleet of cargo ships bearing exotic plants, animals, and precious incense navigates through high-crested waves on a journey from a mysterious land known as Punt or "the Land of God."

The carvings were commissioned by Hatshepsut, ancient Egypt's greatest female pharaoh, who controlled Egypt for more than two decades in the 15th century B.C. She ruled some 2 million people and oversaw one of most powerful empires of the ancient world.

The exact meaning of the detailed carvings has divided Egyptologists ever since they were discovered in the mid-19th century. "Some people have argued that Punt was inland and not on the sea, or a fictitious place altogether," ( Oxford Egyptologist John Baines says.

Recently, however, a series of remarkable discoveries on a desolate stretch of the Red Sea coast has settled the debate, proving once and for all that the masterful building skills of the ancient Egyptians applied to oceangoing ships as well as to pyramids.

Archaeologists from Italy, the United States, and Egypt excavating a dried-up lagoon known as Mersa Gawasis have unearthed traces of an ancient harbor that once launched early voyages like Hatshepsut's onto the open ocean.

Some of the site's most evocative evidence for the ancient Egyptians' seafaring prowess is concealed behind a modern steel door set into a cliff just 700 feet or so from the Red Sea shore. Inside is a man-made cave about 70 feet deep.

Lightbulbs powered by a gas generator thrumming just outside illuminate pockets of work: Here, an excavator carefully brushes sand and debris away from a 3,800-year-old reed mat; there, conservation experts photograph wood planks, chemically preserve them, and wrap them for storage...

Kmt Self Knowledge and Cosmic Wisdom.- Quotes

2011-05-18T06:53:00.000-07:00

Below are some of the teachings, proverbs, and maxims gleaned from the works of Isha Schwaller de Lubicz who, under the direction of her husband and teacher, R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, lived for fifteen years among the temples and tombs of Luxor and Karnak, in order to try and "penetrate the secret symbolism of the hieroglyphs."

Isha has written a two volume work of a fictionalized account, based on her research, of an Egyptian initiate progressing through the stages of initiation to attain "self knowledge and cosmic wisdom."

She explains in her works that if one were to focus on the principles underlying the concepts of the gods, i.e. the Neters (Neter is often translated as "god," but it actually refers to something more like a fundamental principle of nature, or a sort of causal agent.), of ancient Egypt, then one would readily see the commonality of the concepts running throughout the differing expressions of their cosmology. Many of these teachings, proverbs, and maxims relate directly to these concepts, and are reflections others.
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From the Outer Temple
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The best and shortest road towards knowledge of truth [is] Nature.
For every joy there is a price to be paid.
If his heart rules him, his conscience will soon take the place of the rod.
What you are doing does not matter so much as what you are learning from doing it. ·

It is better not to know and to know that one does not know,than presumptuously to attribute some random meaning to symbols.
If you search for the laws of harmony, you will find knowledge.
If you are searching for a Neter, observe Nature!
Exuberance is a good stimulus towards action, but the inner light grows in silence and concentration.

Not the greatest Master can go even one step for his disciple; in himself he must experience each stage of developing consciousness. Therefore he will know nothing for which he is not ripe.

The body is the house of God. That is why it is said, "Man know thyself."
True teaching is not an accumulation of knowledge; it is an awaking of consciousness which goes through successive stages.
The man who knows how to lead one of his brothers towards what he has known may one day be saved by that very brother.

People bring about their own undoing through their tongues.
If one tries to navigate unknown waters one runs the risk of shipwreck.
Leave him in error who loves his error.
Every man is rich in excuses to safeguard his prejudices, his instincts, and his opinions.

To know means to record in one's memory; but to understand means to blend with the thing and to assimilate it oneself.

There are two kinds of error: blind credulity and piecemeal criticism. Never believe a word without putting its truth to the test; discernment does not grow in laziness; and this faculty of discernment is indispensable to the Seeker. Sound skepticism is the necessary condition for good discernment; but piecemeal criticism is an error.

Love is one thing, knowledge is another.
True sages are those who give what they have, without meanness and without secret!
An answer brings no illumination unless the question has matured to a point where it gives rise to this answer which thus becomes its fruit. Therefore learn how to put a question.

What reveals itself to me ceases to be mysterious—for me alone: if I unveil it to anyone else, he hears mere words which betray the living sense: Profanation, but never revelation.

The first concerning the 'secrets': all cognition comes from inside; we are therefore initiated only by ourselves, but the Master gives the keys.
The second concerning the 'way': the seeker has need of a Master to guide him and lift him up when he falls, to lead him back to the right way when he strays.
Understanding develops by degrees.

As to deserving, know that the gift of Heaven is free; this gift of Knowledge is so great that no effort whatever could hope to 'deserve' it.
If the Master teaches what is error, the disciple's submission is slavery; if he teaches truth, this submission is ennoblement.
There grows no wheat where there is no grain.
The only thing that is humiliating is helplessness.

From the Inner Temple
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An answer if profitable in proportion to the intensity of the quest.
Listen to your conviction, even if they seem absurd to your reason.
Know the world in yourself. Never look for yourself in the world, for this would be to project your illusion

To teach one must know the nature of those whom one is teaching.
In every vital activity it is the path that matters.
The way of knowledge is narrow.
Each truth you learn will be, for you, as new as if it had never been written.
The only active force that arises out of possession is fear of losing the object of possession.

If you defy an enemy by doubting his courage you double it.
The nut doesn't reveal the tree it contains.
For knowledge ... you should know that peace is an indispensable condition of getting it.

The first thing necessary in teaching is a master; the second is a pupil capable of carrying on the tradition.
Peace is the fruit of activity, not of sleep.

Envious greed must govern to possess and ambition must possess to govern.
When the governing class isn't chosen for quality it is chosen for material wealth: this always means decadence, the lowest stage a society can reach.

Two tendencies govern human choice and effort, the search after quantity and the search after quality. They classify mankind. Some follow Maat, others seek the way of animal instinct.

Qualities of a moral order are measured by deeds.
One foot isn't enough to walk with.
Our senses serve to affirm, not to know.

We mustn't confuse mastery with mimicry, knowledge with superstitious ignorance.
Physical consciousness is indispensable for the achievement of knowledge.
A man can't be judge of his neighbor' intelligence. His own vital experience is never his neighbor's.

No discussion can throw light if it wanders from the real point.
Your body is the temple of knowledge.
Experience will show you, a Master can only point the way.
A house has the character of the man who lives in it.
All organs work together in the functioning of the whole.

A man's heart is his own Neter.
A pupil may show you by his own efforts how much he deserves to learn from you.
Routine and prejudice distort vision. Each man thinks his own horizon is the limit of the world.

You will free yourself when you learn to be neutral and follow the instructions of your heart without letting things perturb you. This is the way of Maat.
Judge by cause, not by effect.
Growth in consciousness doesn't depend on the will of the intellect or its possibilities but on the intensity of the inner urge.

Every man must act in the rhythm of his time ... such is wisdom.
Men need images. Lacking them they invent idols. Better then to found the images on realities that lead the true seeker to the source.
Maat, who links universal to terrestrial, the divine with the human is incomprehensible to the cerebral intelligence.

Have the wisdom to abandon the values of a time that has passed and pick out the constituents of the future. An environment must be suited to the age and men to their environment.
Everyone finds himself in the world where he belongs. The essential thing is to have a fixed point from which to check its reality now and then.

Always watch and follow nature.
A phenomenon always arises from the interaction of complementary. If you want something look for the complement that will elicit it. Set causes Horus. Horus redeems Set.
All seed answer light, but the color is different.
The plant reveals what is in the seed.
Popular beliefs on essential matters must be examined in order to discover the original thought.

It is the passive resistance from the helm that steers the boat.
The key to all problems is the problem of consciousness.
Man must learn to increase his sense of responsibility and of the fact that everything he does will have its consequences.
If you would build something solid, don't work with wind: always look for a fixed point, something you know that is stable ... yourself.
If you would know yourself, take yourself as starting point and go back to its source; your beginning will disclose your end.

Images are nearer reality than cold definitions.
Seek peacefully, you will find.
Organization is impossible unless those who know the laws of harmony lay the foundation.

It is no use whatever preaching Wisdom to men: you must inject it into their blood.
Knowledge is consciousness of reality. Reality is the sum of the laws that govern nature and of the causes from which they flow.
Social good is what brings peace to family and society.
Knowledge is not necessarily wisdom.
By knowing one reaches belief. By doing one gains conviction. When you know, dare.

Altruism is the mark of a superior being.
All is within yourself. Know your most inward self and look for what corresponds with it in nature.
The seed cannot sprout upwards without simultaneously sending roots into the ground.
The seed includes all the possibilities of the tree.

The seed will develop these possibilities, however, only if it receives corresponding energies from the sky.

Grain must return to the earth, die, and decompose for new growth to begin.
Man, know thyself ... and thou shalt know the gods.

Pharaoh Shoshenq I Invaded The Holyland

2011-05-10T13:44:00.000-07:00

Shishak or Sesac (Hebrew: שישק, Tiberian: [ʃiʃaq]) or Shishaq is the biblical Hebrew form of the first ancient Egyptian name of a pharaoh mentioned in the Bible.

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Origins and family
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Shoshenq I was the son of Nimlot A and Tentsepeh A. His paternal grandparents were the Chief of the MA Shoshenk (A) and his wife Mehytenweskhet A. Prior to his reign, Shoshenq I had been the Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Army, and chief advisor to his predecessor Psusennes II, as well as the father-in-law of Psusennes' daughter Maatkare.

He also held his father's title of Great Chief of the Ma or Meshwesh, which is an Egyptian word for Berbers of Libya. His ancestors were Libyans who had settled in Egypt during the late New Kingdom, probably at Herakleopolis Magna, though Manetho claims Shoshenq himself came from Bubastis, a claim for which no supporting physical evidence has yet been discovered.

Significantly, his Libyan uncle Osorkon the Elder had already served on the throne for at least six years in the preceding 21st Dynasty; hence, Shoshenq I's rise to power was not wholly unexpected. As king, Shoshenq chose his eldest son, Osorkon I, as his successor and consolidated his authority over Egypt through marriage alliances and appointments.

He assigned his second son, Iuput A, the prominent position of High Priest of Amun at Thebes as well as the title of Governor of Upper Egypt and Commander of the Army to consolidate his authority over the The baid. Finally, Shoshenq I designated his third son, Nimlot B, as the "Leader of the Army" at Herakleopolis in Middle Egypt.

Shishak's Reign
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This Karnak temple wall depicts a list of city states conquered by Shoshenq I in his Near Eastern military campaigns.
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Shishak is best known for his campaign through Israel and Judah, as recorded in the Hebrew Bible (1 Kings 14:25;2 Chronicles 12:1-12).

Shishak had provided refuge to Jeroboam during the later years of Solomon's reign, and upon Solomon's death, Jeroboam became king of the tribes in the north, which became the Kingdom of Israel. In the fifth year of Rehoboam's reign (commonly dated between 926 and 917 BC), Shishak swept through the kingdom of Judah with a powerful army, in support of his ally.
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Pharaoh Shoshenq I -RECORDED IN THE BIBLE AROUND DAVID AND GOLIATH TIME-1020 B.C. Shishak - sacked the Temple of Solomon, and brought 'THE ARK OF THE COVENANT BACK TO EGYPT' IN 950 B.C.

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Karnak relief depicting Shoshenq I and his second son, the High Priest Iuput A
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The fragment of a stela bearing his cartouche from Megiddo has been interpreted as a monument Shoshenq erected there to commemorate his victory.
Some of these conquered cities include Ancient Israelite fortresses such as Megiddo, Taanach and Shechem.
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Portal showing the cartouches of Sheshonq I.
=================================

According to 2 Chronicles 12:3, he was supported by the Lubim (Libyans), the Sukkiim, and the Kushites" ("Ethiopians" in the Septuagint).

According to the biblical story Shishak carried off many of the treasures of the temple and the royal palace in Jerusalem, including the "shields of gold" that Solomon had made.

The story is not specific about the means by which he acquired these treasures, though it is most likely that he received them as a tribute from Rehoboam to secure peace.

Shishak's name
============

Texts written in various ancient languages seem to indicate that the first vowel was both long and round, and the final vowel was short. For example, the name is written in the Hebrew Bible as שישק [ʃiːʃaq].

The variant readings in Hebrew, which are due to confusion between the letters < י > Yod and < ו > Vav that are particularly common in the Masoretic Text, indicate that the first vowel was long and received emphasis in pronunciation.

The Septuagintuses Σουσακιμ [susakim], derived from the marginal reading שושק [ʃuːʃaq] of Hebrew. This indicates during the 2nd century BC Hebrew-speakers or Alexandrian Greek-speakers pronounced the name with an initial long close back rounded vowel.

Shishak identified as Pharaoh Shoshenq I
================================

In the very early years after the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, on chronological, historical, and linguistic grounds, nearly all Egyptologists identified Shishak with Shoshenq I.

This position was maintained by most scholars ever since, and is still the majority position. The fact that Shoshenq I left behind "explicit records of a campaign into Canaan (scenes; a long list of Canaanite place-names from the Negev to Galilee; stelae), including a stela [found] at Megiddo" supports the traditional interpretation.

PSUSENNES I, THE SILVER PHAROAH

2011-05-09T05:54:00.000-07:00

One of Egypt’s forgotten pharaohs. The tomb of Psusennes I was found intact by Pierre Montet in 1940. The pharaoh’s mummy was encased in an extraordinary silver casket, unique in the history of Ancient Egypt. However, the discovery was overshadowed by World War II.

Psusennes I
===========

Who was this little-known king?
===========================

Now historians take a fresh look at Psusennes’s remains in a bid to learn more about this powerful ruler and shed light on a murky period of Egyptian history.

The royal tomb of Pharaoh Psusennes I is said to be one of the most spectacular discoveries ever made in Egypt. So, why hasn't the world heard about it? And what does it reveal about Ancient Egypt? Find out in 'Secrets of the Dead: The Silver Pharoah'.

Tanis, Egypt, circa 1939. An excavation team led by French archaeologist Pierre Montet unearthed an intact royal burial chamber (NRT III), which contained treasures that (almost) rivals the riches found in Tutankhamun’s tomb almost two decades before.

One of the most spectacular discoveries inside the crypt was the exquisite silver sarcophagus of Pharaoh Psusennes I, an, up till now, obscure ruler who governed Egypt more than 3000 years ago during one of its most difficult periods.

Psusennes actually moved a whole city piece by piece, he made this decision to make the city come alive. Pi-Ramesses became unlivable when the Nile became too silted at this location.

Around the same time, Psusennes took the throne – and ordered part of the city be moved stone by stone to Tanis. Moving the city insured his ticket to eternity.
The intermediate period is considered to be the dark age of Kmt's history.

=====

Silver bones of the Gods
=======================

Silver was scarce in Kmt, and precious in earlier dynasties.

Egypt was the home of Free Masonry and Sacred Geometry. They may have taught it to the Sumerians.

Fascinated by Psusenes' portrait:
==============================

Secrets of the Dead: The Silver Pharaoh
===============================

Psusennes ruled at the end of the 2nd millennium BC, about 300 years after King Tut.

At that time, Egypt was a fractured kingdom divided between rival rulers of north and south. High priests seized power to command the southern region from Thebes while deposed pharaohs were exiled north to Tanis.

From Tanis, Psusennes ruled for an impressive 46 years;, around 1000 B.C. the study of Psusennes’ skeleton showed a hard-working man who suffered a debilitating rheumatic disease but lived well into his eighties.

'Cumul des mandats'
=============

The pharaoh's cartouche offered the archaeologists clues as to how Psusennes amassed his fortune.

The first one was found on an ordinary silver dish, marked with Psusennes’ signature along with a series of hieroglyphic inscriptions citing his titles – the king was not only a pharaoh but also a high priest.

Additional investigation showed that he had his daughter marry his brother, a high priest in the south. In doing so, he cemented his family power and united the country.

Ursurping Merenptah's Sarcophagus
=========================

Psusennes' sarcophagus held another clue to Third Intermediate Period Egyptian politics. On it, the egyptologists found a cartouche belonging to Merenptah, son of Ramesses the Great. Merenptah died 150 years before Psusennes came into power.

Research showed Psusennes was given Merenptah’s sarcophagus as a gift and had his signature added on it. This strategic act solidified his family’s association with historical greats for eternity

Over time, the Libyans power had grown such that soon after the death of Pharaoh Ramesses III, some of his successors were apparently compelled to share power with a Libyan general named Sheshong, who apparently was Lord of Bubastis and also titled Great Chief of Meshwesh.

He seems to have been related by marriage to the Ramesside dynasty (either his grandmother was also mother of a king, or his aunt had married a king).

=============

Moving Pi-Ramesses to Tanis
========================

The team also discovered more about the relocation of the metropolis of Pi-Ramesses, the riverside capital built by Ramesses II, to Tanis. Montet discovered its ruins in Tanis, however, archaeologists began questioning Montet’s assumption since the river Nile often changed course.

Using radar scans along a previously discounted delta settlement 12 miles from Tanis, they discovered the foundation of Ramesses’ lost city.

ANCIENT EGYPTIAN GLASS MAKING RECREATED

2011-05-04T05:11:00.000-07:00

A team led by a Cardiff University archaeologist has reconstructed a 3,000-year-old glass furnace, showing that Ancient Egyptian glass making methods were much more advanced than previously thought.

The reconstructed kiln built by Dr. Paul Nicholson of Cardiff University and Dr. Caroline Jackson of Sheffield University. (Credit: Cardiff University)

Dr Paul Nicholson, of the University's School of History and Archaeology, is leader of an Egypt Exploration Society team working on the earliest fully excavated glassmaking site in the world.

The site, at Amarna, on the banks of the Nile, dates back to the reign of Akhanaten (1352 - 1336 B.C.), just a few years before the rule of Tutankhamun.

It was previously thought that the Ancient Egyptians may have imported their glass from the Near East at around this time. However, the excavation team believes the evidence from Amarna shows they were making it themselves, possibly in a single stage operation.

Dr Nicholson and his colleague Dr Caroline Jackson of Sheffield University demonstrated this was possible, using local sand to produce a glass ingot from their own experimental reconstruction of a furnace near the site.

The team have also discovered that the glass works was part of an industrial complex which involved a number of other high temperature manufacturing processes.

The site also contained a potter's workshop and facilities for making blue pigment and faience - a material used in amulets and architectural inlays.

The site was near one of the main temples at Amarna and may have been used to produce materials in state buildings.

Dr Nicholson, who has been working at Amarna since 1983, said: "It has been argued that the Egyptians imported their glass and worked it into the artifacts that have been discovered from this time.

I believe there is now enough evidence to show that skilled craftsmen could make their own glass and were probably involved in a range of other manufacturing industries as well."

Dr Nicholson has now written a book detailing the discoveries made at Amarna.

Entitled Brilliant Things for Akhenaten, it is published by the Egypt Exploration Society (London) and available through Oxbow Books in the UK and The David Brown Book Company in the USA.

ANCIENT KMT STAR OF BETHLEHEM

2011-04-21T13:31:00.000-07:00

STAR OF THE NILE

The brightest of all the fixed stars is Sirius. Known to astronomers as Alpha Canis Major, it is the principal star of the constellation Canis Major (the Big Dog). The ancient Egyptians called it Septit, the Hebrews knew it as Sihor, to the Greeks as Sothis and also as the "the Dog Star" that followed Orion the Hunter. Sirius has a magnitude of -1.42, which makes it nine times more brilliant than a standard first magnitude star. It can even been seen in daylight with a telescope having an aperture of 12 mm.

Plate 1: The star Sirius A in Canis Major

Its colour is a brilliant white with a tinge of blue and purple. Sometimes when atmospheric conditions are right, Sirius will scintillate with all the colours of the rainbow when seen low on the horizon. Classified as a type 'A1' star, Sirius is 23 times as bright as our sun and has almost twice its diameter. Being only 8.7 light-years away, Sirius is the fifth nearest star to our solar system, and the nearest after Alpha Centauri among the naked eye stars.

Because of this, Sirius has a very high apparent proper motion of -1.21 arc seconds per year. Some 100,000 years ago it was near Cancer on the 'east' side of the Milky Way. Since then it has crossed the Milky Way and now rests on its 'west' bank. In the last 2000 years, for example, the position of Sirius has shifted some 45 arc minutes (almost half a degree) which is about one-and-a-half times the apparent size of the moon.

Plate 2: Sky region of the Duat

Throughout recorded history, and probably long before, Sirius was the subject of much veneration and myth making throughout the world. Even as late as the 1970s it became the subject of a very controversial theory linked to extra-terrestrials and the Dogon tribe of Mali published by the scholar and author Robert Temple.

There is much speculation on the origin of its modern name which is generally thought to be derived from the Greek word "Sirio" meaning "scorching" or "sparkling", apparently because it rose in the height of the summer heat. Some etymologists, however, have suggested a connection with the ancient Egyptian god Osiris. But of all the various names and epithets that this star was given, none can match the notoriety of its role in history as the "Star of Isis".

Since earliest times the ancient Egyptian paid particular attention to Sirius, which they identified to the 'soul' of the Goddess Isis. There was a time, very long ago, that Sirius could not be seen in the sky from Egypt. This was because of a phenomenon known as the Precession of the Equinoxes.

The Precession is a very slow wobble of our planet taking the polar axis of the Earth in a circular swing of 47 degrees every 26,000 years. The general effect is that the stellar landscape appears to swing up and down like a pendulum. Before the 12th millennium BC Sirius was below the horizon line as seen from the region of Cairo/Giza. It made its first appearance in the skies at that place in c.10,500 BC.

Then it had a declination of about 58 degrees 43', which meant it would have just been visible in the south about 1.5 degree above the horizon line. For early man to witnessing the 'birth' of such a bright star must have been a very impressive sight rich with meaning and messages from the gods. Also the rising of Sirius occurred when the constellation of Virgo was rising in the east, which may partly explain why the star became the symbol of a virgin-goddess. We do not know when exactly Sirius became identified to the goddess Isis, but the idea certainly goes back to the origin of Egyptian culture. It was from the 'womb' of Isis-Sirius that was born the divine child, Horus.

Plate 3: Isis and the Child Horus

The conception and birth of Horus occurred in a magical way as told in the myth of Isis and Osiris:

"HORUS WHO IS IN SIRIUS"

Isis and Osiris were among the four children born from the womb of the sky-goddess, Nut and fathered by Ra, the sungod. The other two children were Seth and Nephtys. Osiris took Isis as his wife, and they became the first rulers of Egypt. At the age of 28 Osiris was brutally killed by his jealous brother Seth and his body cut into fourteen pieces.

Isis recovered all of the pieces of Osiris' body except the phallus, which she could not find. Isis fashioned an artificial phallus for Osiris, placed herself on it in the form of a kite, and became pregnant with his seed. She then went into hiding in the marshes of the Nile, and gave birth to Horus. From the Pyramid Texts and various other religious writings, it is clear that this myth has its counterpart in the stars, with Isis identified to Sirius and Osiris to the constellation of Orion. In the Pyramid Texts it is said of Osiris-Orion:

"Your sister Isis comes to you rejoicing for love of you. You have placed her on your phallus and your seed issues in her, she being ready as Sirius, and Horus Sopd (a star) has come forth from you as Horus who is in Sirius…" [Pyr. Text line 632]

Plate 4: Sirius-Isis following Orion-Osiris

Recreating the ancient skies of the early Dynastic Era (c.3300 BC) which took place just before the great Pyramid Age (c.2750 - 2100 BC) we find that the star Sirius performed a very evocative cycle in the heavens which readily explains why it was associated to a magical birth.

Because the earth moves around the sun, the fixed background of the stars appears to shift throughout the year in relation to the sun. Yearly observations of Sirius, for example, would show that there is a time when the star sets in the west immediately after sunset. After that the star is no longer visible for a period of about 70 days.

It will reappear again, however, just before sunrise in the east. This reappearance is known as the heliacal rising of the star. In c. 3300 BC the heliacal rising of Sirius occurred exactly on the day of the summer solstice (21 June Gregorian). Precession has since caused that date to shift 45 days, and now the heliacal rising of Sirius occurs on the 5th August.

The striking conjunction of the heliacal rising of Sirius and the summer solstice in 3300 BC was, in itself, a powerful omen; but there was something else also occurring at the same time which, quite literally, caused the whole of Egypt to be reborn. This was the annual flooding of the Nile. Since the construction of the Aswan Dam in the 1960s, the annual flood of the Nile is fully controlled and regulated. But in ancient times (and until the turn of the late 19th century) the Nile would begin to swell in early June caused by the huge volume of water brought down river by the melting snows in the highlands of Central Africa.

By late June the water would begin to spill over the banks to eventually flood the whole Nile Valley by end July. We know for certain that the ancient Egyptians considered the heliacal rising of Sirius to be the magical cause of the Nile Flood. The heliacal rising of Sirius became the celestial sign that marked the beginning of the New Year. There are many ancient texts which refer to the conjunction of the 'New Year', the summer solstice, the start of the Flood and the appearance of Sirius which shows that this event was of the utmost importance to the Egyptians.

The oldest of these texts is carved on a small ivory tablet dated to the 1st Dynasty (c. 3100 BC) where it is said that "Sirius is the Opener of the Year's Flood". The very same notion is given in the Pyramid Texts (c. 2200 BC), where it is stated that: "It is Sirius, the beloved daughter (of Ra, the Sun-god), who prepares yearly sustenance (the flood) for you in her name of 'Year'". In his book Echoes of Ancient Skies, the archaeo-astronomer Dr. Ed Krupp writes that,

"After disappearing from the night sky (for 70 days) Sirius eventually reappears in the dawn, before the sun come up. The first time this occurs each year is called the star's heliacal rising, and on this day Sirius remains visible for only a short time before the sky gets too bright to see it. In ancient Egypt this annual reappearance of Sirius fell close to the summer solstice and coincided with the time of the Nile's inundation. Isis, as Sirius, was the 'Mistress of the Year's beginning', for the Egyptian new year was set by this event. New Year's ceremony texts at Dendera say Isis coaxes out the Nile and causes it to swell.

The metaphor is astronomical, hydraulic, and sexual, and it parallels the function of Isis in the myth. Sirius revives the Nile just as Isis revives Osiris. Her time in hiding from Seth is when Sirius is gone (70 days) from the night sky. She (Isis) gives birth to her son Horus, as Sirius gives birth to the new year, and in the texts Horus and the new year are equated. She is the vehicle for renewal of life and order. Shining for a moment, one morning in summer, she stimulates the Nile and starts the year."

SIRIUS AND THE GREAT PYRAMID
==========================

It is known that on the east of the Great Pyramid once stood a building called the 'temple of Isis'. On the Inventory Stella dated to the 26th Dynasty, Isis is called "Mistress of the Pyramid". It is also possible that the capstone that once stood on the summit of this monument may have been associated in some way to Isis and Sirius.

It has often been suggested that the Fifth Division of the Duat (afterworld) depicted in the Book of the Dead showing a giant double-sphinx guarding a huge pyramid may be a stylised representation of the Giza necropolis. If so, then an interesting association can be made, for the pyramid of the Fifth Division shows the 'Face of Isis' on the summit instead of the capstone.

Plate 5: Fifth Division of the Duat
(compare with Giza necropolis viewed from South-east)

Perhaps more convincing is the Egyptian name of Sirius itself, or rather the way it is written with three hieroglyphic signs, a five-pointed star, a half-circle and a small pointed triangle. According to E.C. Krupp:

"One last peculiarity of the Egyptian treatment of Sirius appears to link it, through the cult of Osiris, to the Pyramids. The hieroglyphic inscription of Sirius:

includes an obvious symbol of a star and two other symbols that may be related to the Benben. The half circle was used to signify the Benben. The long, thin triangle is most reminiscent of a pyramid, or perhaps an obelisk… Just as the Benben symbolised the emergence of existence from non-existence, of the birth of the world, so Sirius, as the Bennu (Phoenix), recommemorated creation by alighting upon the Benben, be it obelisk, observation platform or pyramid…"

The Benben which Krupp is referring to was a very sacred stone that was once kept in the 'Temple of the Phoenix' at Heliopolis and which served as a model for the capstones of monumental pyramids and obelisks, also called Benbens.

Plate 6: The Benben (pyramidion) of Amenemhet III (Cairo Museum)
==========================================

The 'Benben' (pyramidion) of the Great Pyramid has been missing since recorded history, and we cannot tell what it really looked like. It was probably made of black granite and covered with gold, possibly to symbolise the star. But perhaps the most convincing connection between the Great Pyramid and the star Sirius come from the interior design system of the pyramid.

From each of the two main chambers of the Great Pyramid i.e. the King's Chamber and the Queen's Chamber, emanate two long and narrow shafts, one going due north and the other going due south. It has been known since 1964 that these shafts had astronomical alignments to the stars when the pyramid was completed in c. 2500 BC.

Those of the King's Chamber were directed to the Pole Star Alpha Draconis (Thuban) in the north, and to the three stars of Orion's belt in the south. Over twenty years later, in 1987 I discovered that the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber was directed to Sirius. Such associations between the Great Pyramid and Sirius is not surprising, as the pyramid was almost certainly the agency of astral rebirth of the pharaonic cult modeled on the myth of Osiris and Isis.

Plate 7: The Star shafts of the Great Pyramid (N-S cross section)
============================================

THE CHANGING SKY
===============

Throughout the ancient Egyptian civilisation the celebration of the birth of the divine child, Horus, from the womb of the goddess Isis was commemorated at the opening of the New Year when the star Sirius rose heliacally at dawn. But because of the effect of precession, the event shifted along the calendar at approximately the rate of 8.5 days every 1000 years. In 3300 BC the heliacal rising of Sirius occurred on the 21 June (Gregorian) as seen from Giza.

When Jesus was born the heliacal rising of Sirius occurred on the 19 July, and today it occurs on the 5 August. Some three hundred years before the birth of Jesus, Egypt had fallen under the rule of the so-called Ptolemys, Greek-pharaohs who ruled Egypt from 305 BC until 30 BC, the last being Queen Cleopatra VII. During this period the capital city of Egypt moved to Alexandria, where the pseudo-Egyptian cult of Sarapis was installed. Sarapis was a synthetic god modeled on the Egyptian god Asar-Hapi (Osiris-Apis), a name meaning 'Osiris of the Nile'.

Isis, quite naturally, became the consort of Sarapis and her cult flourished in Alexandria and the whole Mediterranean basin. It was adopted by many of the Roman legions and, through them, found its way into Western Europe. Temples of Isis have been found in Italy, France, Germany and as far as Oxford in England. Along with the cult of Isis also spread the celebration of the birth of Horus, called Hapocrates by the Greeks and identified to Apollo and Sol Invictus by the Romans. This event, as we have said, associated by the rising of the birth-star Sirius in the east at dawn.

Interestingly, when Julius Caesar introduced the so-called Julian Calendar, it was the Alexandrian astronomer Sosigenes who converted for Caesar the old lunar calendar into a solar one. There can be little doubt that Sosigenes borrowed the idea from the Egyptians, who had a solar calendar since at least 3300 BC.

This calendar, as we have seen, fixed the New Year with the heliacal rising of Sirius which, in Sosigenes' epoch, began in the month of 'July' and this, I would imagine, is probably why this particular month was named after Julius Caesar. His famous consort, the Egyptian Queen Cleopatra, was also a high priestess of Isis and Caesar dedicated in her honour a temple in the Rome Forum.

After the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, Egypt became a Roman province, where there was a large Greek and Roman community in Alexandria as, more importantly, a great number of Jews who had fled Judea. With the rise of the newly formed Christianity in Egypt, the ancient mystery cult of the pharaohs that had mingled with those of the Greek and Romans, now also mingled with the Judeo-Christian ideologies.

Plate 8: Roman Isis and the child Horus (20 BC)
========================================

The basic tenets of these older mystery cults rested on the belief that "immortality" was achieved through the initiatory teachings of a "dying-resurrecting Son of God" and the symbolic re-enactment of his 'death' and 'rebirth'.

The Phoenician Adonis, the Phrygian Attis, the Egyptian Osiris and the Alexandrian Sarapis, were all contenders for such a doctrine. The Romans furthermore had imported into Egypt the mystery cult of Mithras who also was a "dying-resurrecting Son of God" and, more intriguingly, whose 'birthday" was celebrated at sunset on the 25th December.

It is no wonder, therefore, that the early Christian community also celebrated the 'birth' of their own dying and resurrecting 'Son of God', Jesus, on the 25th December and with the idea of a nativity 'star in the east' to mark this supernatural event. But which star?

THE MADONNA AND CHILD
================

It is a strange peculiarity among the four canonical gospels that only one of them, the Gospel of Matthew, speaks of the birth of Jesus in relation to the appearance of a star in the east and the Magi. The Gospel of Matthew is also unique in its narrative of the 'flight into Egypt' by the Holy Family. But if these event are historically true, then why are the other Gospels so conspicuously silent on such a crucial and important event in the birth of the Messiah? Could it be that the event was not 'historical' at all but mythical?

It has long been believed by scholars that the 'Matthew' Gospel was probably written between 40 and 80 AD in the city of Alexandria in Egypt. Now in Alexandria at the time of the writing of the 'Matthew' Gospel, the celebration of the new day and the new year were not anymore observed at dawn but at sunset to conform with both the Judeo-Christian tradition and Roman traditions of marking such events at sunset. In consideration of this, let us examine the sky at sunset looking east on the 25th December in c. 50 AD (the average date for the writing of the 'Matthew' Gospel) as seen from the latitude of Alexandria.

Plate 9: Heliacal Rising of Sirius at about one hour
before sunrise at the year 3300 BC on the Summer Solstice
================================

Plate 10: Rising of Sirius at sunset at the year 50 AD on the 25 December.
==============================

Curiously, the starry picture that is afforded is exactly the same as that seen in ancient Egypt in c. 3300 BC at DAWN when the 'birth' of Horus from the womb of Isis was celebrated by the heliacal rising of Sirius. Here is what an observer in Egypt would have witnessed:
================

At about 4 h 28 GMT, the sun begins to set in the west at 28 degrees N of W. Some 35 minutes later, at about 5 h 03 GMT, the sun has fully set in the west. In the east, at exactly the same time, Orion's belt sits on horizon, about 2 degrees S of E.

A further 51 minutes, at 5 h 54 GMT, the sun has gone down about - 10 degrees below the western horizon, and the sky is now dark enough to see the stars with the naked eye. Looking east at exactly the same time, the star Sirius is seen rising in the east (Orion's belt is now about 25 degrees higher up over the eastern horizon, giving the illusion that it has 'heralded' the rising of Sirius).

The celestial imagery, therefore, is that on the 25th December, right after sunset, the three stars of Orion's belt were seen rising in the east as if to 'herald' the coming of the birth-star Sirius, which followed about one hour after.

It would be very unlikely that such a powerful celestial sign which was known to denote the 'birth of the divine child' in Egypt since time immemorial would not have been unnoticed by the writer of the 'Matthew' Gospel. It seems evident that the introduction of a new divine child (Jesus) born from the Madonna (Mary) in Egypt and the Graeco-Roman world would benefit greatly by absorbing the older and very powerful mythology of Isis and her star, Sirius.

Plate 11: Madonna and Child (Leonardo Da Vinci)

Thus Isis and the child Horus were metamorphosed into the Madonna and child Jesus, and the star Sirius became the 'Star of the East' which the wise men saw and heralded the birth of Jesus. Much later, three wise men became known as the 'three kings' in Western tradition and, in keeping with stellar symbolism, they also became identified to the three stars of Orion's belt.

In his book Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning, the astronomer Richard H. Allen states that in European folklore the three stars in Orion's belt are often called the Magi or the Three Kings. And the Christian mythologist, Alvin Boyd Kuhn wrote:

"There is the legend of the 'Three Kings of the Orient' who came on Christmas to adorn the new-born God… from days of old the Three Kings were the three conspicuous stars in the belt of Orion… that so easily distinguishes this notable constellation… and their title was for long the Three Kings of Orion… They point almost in a direct line to the following…Sirius (which) was made in the type of Christ-soul in mankind. (Sirius) is preceded by the Three Kings who anticipate its coming (rising)…"

===========================

Kuhn then proceeds to give a variant of the popular Christmas carol:

"We three kings of Orion are,
bearing gifts we traverse afar,
fields and fountains, moors and mountains,
following yonder star…"
===========================

Today, in our modern calendar, we celebrate the changing of the New Year at midnight on the 31st December. It is a strange synchronicity that at exactly that time, for the year 1999 and 2000 the star Sirius reaches it culmination at the meridian.

The Egyptian authorities had planned to place a golden capstone on the summit of the Great Pyramid at midnight on the 31st December 1999, to mark the start of the new age. The idea was to have a 4 meters high pyramidion made of light metal covered with gold sheet lowered into place by a military helicopter, and laser beams reflected on its surface during a concert performed by French musician Jean-Michel Jarre.

This event, however, was cancelled at the last minute due to pressure from the Arab press which claimed a "Masonic" connotation with the glowing capstone seen on the US one-dollar bill.

The full implications of this curious affair are discussed in my new book, Secret Chamber (Century Books, 1999) and in an article entitled "The Great Pyramid and the Freemasons" (HERA magazine Issue 2 February 2000).

Plate 13: Artist's impression (courtesy : Ano Cero © )

Had the placing of the capstone ceremony taken place, the whole event would have been a spectacular "reunion" of Sirius and its symbol to mark the new millennium. For as seen from the north face of the Great Pyramid and in alignment with the North-South axis (i.e. along the meridian), the star Sirius would appear to hover on top of the summit of the pyramid at precisely midnight on the 31st December, as if to urge us that its principal symbol, the golden capstone, has been missing for far too long.

In many esoteric traditions the capstone of the Great Pyramid, and more especially its return to the summit of the Great Pyramid, will signal the return of the 'great initiate' which, according to some prophecies, such as those of Edgar Cayce, signifies the return of the Christ. Many have argued that the true start of the new millennium is, in fact, 31st December 2000.

If so, then the Egyptian authorities still have another opportunity to perform this powerful and evoking ceremony. What better signal than the ancient star of 'divine rebirth' seen hovering over the golden capstone on top of the Great Pyramid of Giza to symbolise the start of a new spiritual age for Humankind.

Plate 13: Sirius A and its "companion" Sirius B (the small spot to the left)

HOTEP*

Exact Date Pinned to Great Pyramid's Construction?

2011-03-27T09:07:00.000-07:00

Andrew Bossone in Cairo
for National Geographic News

The Egyptians started building the Great Pyramid of Giza on August 23, 2470 B.C., according to controversial new research that attempts to place an exact date on the start of the ancient construction project.

======================

A team of Egyptian researchers arrived at the date based on calculations of historical appearances of the star Sothis—today called Sirius.

Every year around the time of the Nile River floods, Sothis would rise in the early morning sky after a long absence.

"The appearance of this star indicates the beginning of an inundation period" for the Nile, said team leader Abdel-Halim Nur El-Din, former head of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities.

Throughout their history, "Egyptians … started their main buildings, the tombs, and the temples at the beginning of the inundation"—an auspicious time, since floodwaters brought fresh soil, maintaining the region's fertility.

In addition, pharaohs always started building their tombs at the starts of their rules. Khufu, the pharaoh meant to be buried in the Great Pyramid, took power in 2470 B.C., according to Nur El-Din and colleagues.

The researchers therefore compared the modern calendar, the ancient Egyptian calendar, and the cycle of the star to find the exact day Sothis would have appeared that year.

The team believes the ancient Egyptians observed the star from July 17 to 19, and the inundation period began 35 days later—on August 23.

Pharaohs Reset the Clock

Using Sothis's arrival to keep track of the annual Nile floods made sense, said Mark Hammergren, an astronomer at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago who was not involved in the work.

"It happens at about the same time every solar year, so it corresponds to the seasons, and it provides them a good fixed date," he said.

Hammergren agrees with the days Nur El-Din's team calculated for Sothis, based on other researchers' estimates for the dates the star would have risen during ancient Egyptian times.

the "appearance" of the star is subject to weather conditions, which might have obscured its first rise in any given year.

Mahmoud Afifi, the general director of Giza antiquities, is also concerned about placing an exact year on the start of Khufu's rule.

Ancient Egyptian chronology reset to zero at the beginning of each pharaoh's reign, making it difficult to match Western calendar years with the dates given for ancient events.

What's more, dated lists of kings are unreliable, since the ancient Egyptians often had political motivations to alter the historical record.

Some unpopular pharaohs could have been left off the lists, for example, which would have changed the ruling dates of every pharaoh that followed.

Many scholars debate the precise year Khufu ascended to the throne, with some estimates as much as 139 years earlier than the date Nur El-Din and his team selected.

In addition, the design of the monumental Great Pyramid probably took considerable time to prepare, Afifi said, which might have delayed the start of construction beyond the first year of Khufu's reign.

Mayan 2012 And Quetzalcoatl Egypt Astronomy

2011-03-19T14:16:00.000-07:00

The Mayans.

The Mayans developed astronomy to the point where they could predict eclipses hundreds of years in the future. Their legends say they obtained their astronomical wisdom from the Olmecs. Little is known about the Olmecs, though traces of their culture have been found dating to about 2000 B.C.E. A Mayan stone calendar is shown at left.

Diagram 1:
The sky on December 21st, 2012 A.D. showing a rare astronomical alignment -the winter solstice sun is right in the "dark rift" in the Milky Way.

This is a feature of the Milky Way anyone can see on a clear midsummer’s night, away from the light pollution of industrial society. At dawn on the winter solstice of A.D. 2012, the sun will be right in this dark-rift, and the orientation is such that the Milky Way rims the horizon at all points around.

Thus, the Milky Way "sits" on the earth, touching it at all points around, opening up the cosmic sky portal. The galactic and solar planes are thus aligned. "Sky portal" is just a term to describe the "opened sky" scenario apparent when the Milky Way rims the horizon. This is not to be confused with the "dark-rift" itself.

In Mayan myth, the winter solstice sun corresponds to the deity One Hunahpu, also known as First Father. The Mayan Sacred Book, the Popol Vuh, is all about setting the stage so that the Hero Twins’ father (One Hunahpu) can be reborn, thus beginning a new World Age.

The dark rift has many mythic identities: it is the Black Road; it is the xibalba be (the Road to the Underworld); it is a crevice in the branches of the cosmic tree (the Milky Way); it is the mouth of the Cosmic Monster (often portrayed as a frog, jaguar or snake with tree-like features); it is the birth canal of the Cosmic Mother.

Overall, the dark-rift is best understood as the birth canal of the Cosmic Mother, who we may call First Mother, to complement First Father. In this way we can trace how these various metaphors are found in Mayan Creation Mythology. And the date of this alignment is, again, the end date of the 13-baktun Great Cycle - a cycle of approximately 5125 years.

Earth's Wobble
==============

The slow process by which the winter solstice sun comes to conjoin the dark-rift in the Milky Way is a function of a phenomenon known as the precession of the equinoxes.

This involves the slow wobbling of the earth’s axis, which causes the stellar frame to slowly shift. To observers on earth, it causes the position of the winter solstice sun to slowly move in relation to celestial background features such as the Milky Way. A full cycle is completed in roughly 26,000 years.

Approximately 2100 years ago, when both the Long Count calendar and the Popol Vuh were devised by the early Maya, the dark-rift in the Milky Way could be observed some 30 degrees above the dawning winter solstice sun

Diagram 2:
Winter solstice sunrise from the early Mayan site of Izapa,
50 B.C. Notice the dark rift in the Milky Way, the
celestial birth canal of Cosmic Mother, some 30 degrees above the rising sun.

When these early skywatchers discovered precession, they realized that every winter solstice the cosmic birth canal was moving closer and closer to the dawning sun.

The winter solstice sun was called the First Sun, the First Lord or First Father, because it is the first day of the year, the beginning of the sun’s annual rebirth into increasing daylight. They calibrated the process, and fixed their Creation Mythology to the future alignment as described.

Monuments from the early Mayan site of Izapa clearly portray, by way of mythological iconography, the anticipated astronomical alignment of the Long Count end date. In this way, the Long Count calendar and Popol Vuh Creation Mythology work together to describe the future astronomical alignment.

Diagram 3:
Stela 11 from Izapa shows Cosmic Father in the "mouth" of Cosmic Mother, the "dark rift" or "birth canal" in the Milky Way. This is an image of the celestial alignment which culminates in A.D. 2012.

The irony, perhaps, is that the impending solstice-galaxy alignment was first mentioned back in 1969 in Giorgio de Santillana and Hertha von Dechend’s groundbreaking book Hamlet’s Mill.

the astronomical alignment itself (which targets the opening of the new millennium) and the established end-date of the Mayan Calendar in A.D. 2012.

The ancient Maya apparently understood that the future alignment would have apocalyptic effects, and designed their World Age mythology to remind us of something essential. Myth, legend, or ancient message, whatever it is, clearly, it means we must all remember where we come from, where everything comes from: Mother.

====================
The Mayans and Aztecs have a legend of learning great things from a bearded "white man" who came to them sometime after 500 B.C.E. The Aztecs named him Quetzalcoatl, which means "Plumed Serpent.

There is some speculation that Quetzalcoatl could have come from Egypt, and that the "Plumed Serpent" represented the cobra with its hood expanded.

Mayan legend says that the Yucatan was originally inhabited by "people of the serpent," and their leader's name was "Serpent of the East." Mayans claimed that they got their writing from the Tula, and that their leaders sailed over the sea to the East to learn their wisdom.

Ancient Cosmology Points To Our Immediate Future
Based upon these simple facts, ancient skywatchers in Mesoamerica were apparently aware of a subtle celestial process, the precession of the equinoxes.

Knowledge of that process, and the fact that a major alignment in that process culminates at the end of their Great Cycle, strongly suggest a cosmological understanding which modern scholars have yet to explore. While today the conjunction is hidden behind the rays of the solstice sun, to early skywatchers the future convergence would have been the focus of intense calendar calculations and eschatological myth-making.

Mayans counted using a base 20 system. Their numbers used three symbols: a sea shell for zero, a dot for one, and a bar for five. They also had a small curved symbol that served as a filler around a small number of dots, for aesthetics.

====================

The Mayan Long Calendar. The Mayan timeline began on 13 August 3114 B.C.E. (very near the start of the Egyptian Old Kingdom). This is the starting point of the Mayan Long Calendar. The time divisions in the long calendar were:

1 kin = 1 day
20 kins = unial (20 days)
18 unials = tun (360 days)
20 tuns = katun (7200 days)
20 katuns = baktun (144,000 days, about 394.25 years)
13 baktuns = a Great Cycle (1,872,000 days, about 5,125.25 years)

A Great Cycle, or Age, is also known as a "Sun." Their legends state that at the end of each Sun there is a catastrophe, followed by a renewal. They count time in a cycle of five Suns, which therefore spans 9,360,000 days, or about 25,627 years. Some cite this Five Sun cycle as evidence of Mayan knowledge of precession of the equinoxes.

Mayans believed that we are currently in the Fifth Great Cycle, which will end, and a new First Sun begin, on 23 December 2012. Popular literature abounds with speculation on this event, and its near-coinciding with ecliptic crossing to the north of the Solar System's orbit around the Galatic Center.

The Mayan Vague Year Calendar (Haab). Mayans knew that the length of the Solar Year was about 365.25 days long but, like the Egyptians, they used a calendar of 365 days and did not use leap years. Because this calendar does not follow the true Solar Year, is is referred to as the Vague Year calendar, or Haab.

The Vague Year Calendar is divided into 20 months of 18 days each (360 days total), followed by a five-day period. The days of the month are numbered from 0 to 19. Each month is named after a Mayan god. These are:

Pop
Wo
Sip
Sots'
Sek
Xul
Yaxk'in
Mol
Ch'en
Yax
Sak
Keh
Mak
K'ank'in
Muwan
Pax
K'ayab
Kumk'u
Wayeb
—

The Mayan Ritual Calendar (Tzolkin). The third Mayan calendar was the Ritual Calendar, or Tzolkin, which had 13 months of 20 days each (260 days total). This 260-day cycle was related to the period of Venus. They Mayans knew that he Evening Star and the Morning Star were the same object, Venus, and had accurate tables of the planet's motion. The 20 days were named as follows:

Imix
Ik
Akbal
Kan
Chicchan
Cimi
Manik
Lamat
Muluc
Oc
Chuen
Eb
Ben
Ix
Men
Cib
Caban
Etz'nab
Cauac
Ahau

The numbers 1 through 13 increased along with the days. So for example the first day in the cycle was 1 Imix, the second was 2 Ik, and so on. After 260 days, every combination of name and number (1-13) would repeat.

The Mayan "Calendar Round." Every 52 years, the Vague Calendar and the Ritual Almanac coincide at the same beginning day. The Mayans called this a Calendar Round. They considered this an auspicious time, where the old would end and the new would begin. They rebuilt houses, refaced templed, and performed other such acts on this day. This custom has allowed us to accurately estimate the ages of many of their temples.

Mayans followed a longer cycle of 22 Calendar Rounds, consisting of 13 Heavens (the first 13 Calendar Rounds) followed by 9 Hells (the last 9 Calendar Rounds). The last cycle completed in 1987, placing us now in the first Heaven.

Lost Mayan Culture. Today, much of the ancient Mayan culture is lost forever. Their beliefs conflicted in many ways with the Roman Catholic Church, and the first Archbishop of Mexico claimed to have burned tens of thousands of Mayan books in the 1500s. Apart from remaining temple inscriptions, only four books remain today as the remnant of this ancient culture: the Dresden Codex, the Grolier Codex, the Madrid Codex, and the Paris Codex.

=======================================
ref: History Of Astronomy - The Mayans
Spirit Of Sankofa*

Science of the Pharaohs

2011-02-20T07:02:00.000-08:00

Mathematics
Measurements
Astronomy
Medical Composition
Magic
Agriculture

The scientific subjects that concerned the ancient Egyptian were confined to mathematics, medicine, chemistry, and astrology.

What we found shows the development and progress the ancient Egyptian achieved in these sciences. Accuracy was the most important characteristic, in addition to science that enabled him to build lofty edifice on scientific basis.

Mathematics:

What we found consisted of mathematical problems and exercises and its ideal solutions, but we found neither theories nor rules. For instance what we found in some papyruses such as in “ Rand’s Papyrus ” where there was a table to divide odd numbers on 2 and some mathematical.

Problems:

A circular piece of land its circumference is 9 khit (carat) find its area?

A circular vessel of 9 cubit height and 6 cubit circumference, what is the quantity of grains that fill it?

Measurements:

The standard dry measure was Bushel (a measure of grains equals 8 gallons nearly i.e. 32½ liters). As for liquid measure there were other measures of different names, but they did not match any measures that are used now.

To measure the length they used two kinds the first is the Royal cubit (long) which equals 52.3 cm and it was used in architecture, the second is the ordinary cubit (short) which equals 45 cm.

For distances they used a unit called fluvial unit equals 10305 km (20, 000 cubit).

Areas and weights:

Area unit is “ mest gat ” = 100 square cubit.

(⅔ Acre, acre = 4000 square meter).

Weight unit is “ dubn ” = 91 grams.

Time Measurement:

Time was measured by years, and the year was divided into 12 months, every month was 30 days, and the month was three weeks 10 days each. The year was divided into three seasons each was four months: - flood season, winter, and summer.

The length of an hour varied according to the seasons. To measure time they used sundials and water glasses which were accompanied by a graduation to set the length of an hour according to the months.

At the end of the year 5 complementary days were added so that the days of the year were 365 days. The day was 24 hours divided equally into day and night. The day was twenty four hours divided equally into day and night. The length of an hour varied according to the seasons.

To measure time they used sundials and water glasses which were accompanied by a graduation to set the length of an hour according to the month.

Astronomy:

The Egyptians were concerned about studying astronomy and due to the dry climate of Egypt and to the absence of fogs except rarely, the study of the skies was easy. The positions of the groups and the orbits of the plants were known because the observation processes began in as early time.

The most two important groups of stars were:

First: The Great Bear seven stars and they were known as the immortal stars.

Second: the Arion (Saho) group and it was worshipped.

The most important star they knew was (Sirus) or (Sotis) because its appearance was a sign of the flood. Its appearance was celebrated at dawn in summer as a religious feast.

This star was considered Isis’ soul and there is a fable that says that the tears shed by Isis on the anniversary of her husband’s Osiris death were the source of the flood.

Texts were found on tombs from the mirth dynasty and these texts were known by diametrical calendar or the diametrical star clock, these texts were given the names of the “ dicons ”

i.e. the stars that appear every 10 days at the time of the rising of the sun and they counted 36 stars of it. The texts were put on the tomb to help the dead distinguish the day from the night.

These texts developed and became more accurate as in Ramsis’ the sixth tomb. In the tombs of some of the kings of the modern state we found a statue of a sitting man who has a net of stars.

Also we found in the attached texts, concerned with the first and the sixth day or every month, the position of the stars in every hour: a star over the left ear then a star over the right ear and etc.

As for the position of the Zodiac it joined the Egyptian astronomy in the Ptolemaic and the Greek era.

Concerning the year and its length astronomers eliminated the lunar year which consisted of 360 days yet they preserved the division of the year into 12 months each of 30 days then they added 5 false days to make the year correspond with the feats of astronomy.

During the harmonic era there were 2 calendars: The civil calendar (the formal) and the solar calendar (The astronomic).

In the formal calendar the year consisted of 365 days and there were no leap years, this means that the year missed a day every four years. This calendar (in respect to Julius Caesar) on the 19th of June.

As for the astronomic calendar (the solon) it consisted of 365 ¼ days therefore by the passage of the time a day was added every 4 years to the calendar and this the formal year (the civilian) precedes the astronomic year by a month every 120 years, and the two calendars correspond every 1460 years for four days.

The astronomic calendar was used in agriculture and appointing the religious feasts. One of the Greeks called Censorious deduced two dates in two years in which a simultaneous rising of Sirius and the sun happened during the days of the pharaohs, and we reached texts which tell us the days of the rising of Sirius.

The importance of these texts lies in determining the periods of the rule of the kings during whose role a rising of the star Sirius.

Medical Composition:

It is well known that the ancient Egyptians worked with medicine and anatomizing the human body and as well treated a lot of diseases compositions we found were written on papyrus and three of them go back to the time of the twelfth family and they are of the oldest papyri.

Some of these compositions were written in hieroglyphic and not in Hieratic as usual (this shows that it was made up before it was written by a long time). One dealt with the hard limbs and another contained amulets and prescriptions for the pregnant and the nursing woman.

I respite of what the ancient Egyptians had reached in medicine, magic was from the essential matters in treat neat for them. They believed that most of the diseases were caused by the devils, thus medicine was used along with the amulets.

Medicines contained bloods and fats of the animals, herbs, honey, and known liquids. They also made ointments and it was mixed with honey or with the fats of the animals like geese fat.

The Egyptians practiced surgery and were excelled at it but they did not recourse to it except for treating injuries.

Edwer Smith’s papyrus was found explaining the right surgery to treat the injuries of the head and the chest. Another papyrus called after I Bris Blizbeg contained information about the surgical treatment of first blisters and cysts caused by burns, sound, on obstetrics and gynecology.

Do not you agree that the ancient Egyptians had studied and penetrated many fields that were complex, difficult to comprehend and mysterious for old nations and in spite of that the ancient Egyptians excelled in it?

Magic:

Like all the ancient nations the ancient Egyptians believed in magic and in the presence of mysterious forces that controlled them. Thus they practiced magic and excelled in it. Different kinds of magic were mentioned in many of the ancient Egyptian literature.

We found that the ancient Egyptians devoted whole papyri to talk about nothing but magic. We also found records that contain amulets against diseases and maladies. The ancient Egyptians made for everyday in the year a magic characteristic which nukes bad luck or an in between one. Thus, they made up a calendar of good fortune days and misfortune days to refer to when they need.

We find in a papyrus a group of dreaand their interpretations each dream starts by “ if a man sees himself in a dream ” then follows a brief description of the dream then a phrase shoring whether the dream is a good one or a bad one and finally comes the interpretation of the dream.

For example.....

If a man sees himself in a dream eating the meat of a donkey, good it means his promotion.

If staring in a deep well repaired.

If staring in a deep well, bad, it means the ruin of his possessions, that is cannot be repaired.

If sitting on a tree, good, it means curing of diseases.

According to this papyrus, the Egyptians practiced the interpretation of dreams penetrating the psychiatry of the dreamer and interpreting what he sees in his dreams.

Problems were solved by consulting fortune tellers. The high positions in the state, even the position of the king was decided sometimes through the inspiration of a fortune teller. Disputes between the opponents were solved by fortunetellers as many papyri stated.

There are also long amulets which contain small wraps of papyrus, with mysterious texts for protection from din asters written on. The pharaonic magic continued even after Egypt’s merge into the Roman Empire.

The ancient Egyptians used magic in life necessities:

To stop the hurricane and the storm, to protect one in the desert against the beasts or in water against the crocodiles, and every where in Egypt against snakes and scorpions and therefore the pyramids of the king were supplied with amulets against hazards.

Magic as well helped on giving birth was recited while preparing medicine and it fought all poisons and diseases. It fought the evil dead who were believed to leave the tombs and look for eirl spreading diseases. Therefore, the ancient Egyptians used amulets for protection from hazards. As well mothers used to hang amulets to their young for their protection.

Agriculture:

Discovering the agriculture was from the most important matters that changed the course of life of the ancient Egyptians before Christ, in that manner man transferred from life of hunting to the life of agriculture, and the ancient Egyptian transferred from life of wandering to the life of residence and settling.

The agricultural era started 8000 or 10,000 years ago (i.e. since the Neolithic period). And as we know Egypt’s culture was an agricultural first and the circumstances of the ancient Egyptian were better than the circumstances of other nations.

Although his life was hard he reaped the fruits of his work this satisfactory situation was due to the river Nile and to the stable climate. With the renewal of the flood, the ancient Egyptians had to plow the land, then to sow the seeds and to look after the yield until its harvest.

The agricultural year started after the retreat of the water of the flood. The land was prepared quickly before cultivation in order not to dry and solidify. This process included: cleaning the irrigation canals, filling up the holes, replanting the hand and putting limit signs in the fields.

This enormous work needed collective efforts and therefore. This work was inevitable that the Egyptians thought that it is a necessity in the After life, and since the Middle state the rich out Oshbanic statues, as we mentioned before to substitute them in the after life.

After preparing the land cultivating the crops starts sometimes they used canals for irrigation but almost they lift the crops to grow without more irrigation. Then in the modern state they used the continuous irrigation system.

Spring was the season of the harvest that usually ended in may then the land was lift uncultivated for two months before the arrival of the new flood and if the land was high it was irrigated by the Archimedean screw (shadoof) which raised water.

The most important crops were grains (like wild wheat, ordinary, and barley corn, and flax) flax was one of the important crops and was cultivated to get fibers for making linen cloth. Papyrus was one of the most important crops and it was used in writing.

The Egyptians used ploughs to breakup the land and as for the solid soil for which the plough is nit suitable it was broken up by axes and hocs. At the harvest time the grains were collected by wooden sickles then gathered in big baskets and transferred to stores on donkeys.

After collecting the grains the processes of threshing and hulling then storing comes. Cattle did the threshing, and it means separating the grains from straw, and during threshing the dead spikes were eliminated.

Hulling took place using wooden fans where the air resulting form the fans hulls the grains and at last the grains were transferred to silos for storage.

After the harvest, taxes must be paid, theoretically all Egypt’s lands were owned by the pharaoh but there were lands owned by individuals.

The pharaoh bestowed lands to temples, nobles, and some individuals. Therefore they had to pay the taxes.

In addition to the abovementioned important crops, there were tow more important crops: Oil and wine, and infect they were extracting industries. Oil substituted grains in barter and it was used in cooking, lighting and in the manufacture of perfumes ointments and mummifying. Oil was extorted from jerboa fruits, castor Oil plant, flax, sesame, radish, and as for wine it was extracted from grapes and dates.

Breeding and taming cattle and birds were the results of agriculture. It was not bred only for food but also because it had an important role in worship purposes and religious rituals where sacrifices were given everyday.

In addition to cattle the animals of the desert were bred like dears and gazelles. The cattle were tattoo marked using a two horn shaped instrument. The Egyptians peasant was proud of his cattle.

As for the birds, they tamed ducks and geese in addition to wild birds. Hunting the birds was a sport practiced by using a hooked hunting stick. As for cats it roused the birds in order to hunt them easily.

HOTEP

Egypt Astronomer Priestesses

2011-02-20T06:18:00.000-08:00

World-renown historians of Egypt's early history trace the background of the three astronomer-priestesses who gave to the world higher mathematics.

English historian, Gerald Massey Ancient Egypt, The Light of the World tells us that they were of a long line of distinguished African women who would lead the travel of civilization from its southern origins until it arrived in the north in a land now known as Egypt.

This upper Nile was where the goddess Ater-Tshema-T is credited with having created calculus over 4700 years ago.

G. Michanowsky tells us that about 4000 B. C. there was a giant supernova in the southern constellation Vela.

This and other celestial phenomena inspired these southeastern African people to move to a part of Africa which afforded an unobstructed view of the heavens they found in the barren ground of what-is-now Egypt.

They constructed telescopes and observatories to record precise movements of heavenly bodies.

They drew the land as a right triangle of thirty-six, fifty-four and ninety degrees. Livio C. Stecchini says that this allowed these astronomer-priestesses to calculate all of the trigonometric functions of angles between zero and thirty-six degrees.

The astronomer-priestess Sheshet is credited with the creation of trigonometry.

According to Livio Stecchini, priestess Sheshet analyzed curves by dividing the area under a curve into a series of rectangles which is the basis of integral calculus. In analyzing the curvature of the earth she used rectangles six feet wide.

Geometry, created by the astronomer-priestesses Tekhi, evolved with the object of controlling the flow of the Nile River, so that maximum enrichment of the land would result.

According to E. A. Wallis Budge, Keeper of the Antiquities of the British Museum, in his book, The Gods of Egypt, and Moses Cotsworth say that these priestesses were the most learned of Egypt.

They say that they could measure the length of the year to 365.24219 of days. They were credited with placing the granite slab into the great pyramid, which, according to the French mathematician, Abbe Thomas Moreau, in his book The Mysterious Science of the Pharaohs, is the basis for the metric system.

This is due to the fact that the length of this granite slab is exactly one meter in length which is one ten-millionth of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator.

hotep*

Housing in Ancient Egypt

2011-02-13T07:49:00.000-08:00

Houses in Ancient Egypt were made out of mud bricks. Mud was in abundance after the annual flood. Brick makers placed the mud into wooden molds and let them bake and harden in the sun. After hardening, the bricks were stacked to be used for building.

The homes of the wealthy were made of double-thick walls that increased the security of the house. The homes of the poor were only one brick thick.

The average Egyptian home had four rooms—a central room with smaller rooms joined to it. The central room was usually higher than the other rooms so that small openings for air could be placed high in the wall. The average person had four rooms in the house.

A family spent most of their time in the central room and used it for sleeping quarters at night. Off of this central room was a kitchen and another room that was used for storage or as an extra bedroom. Off the street was an entry room, which led into the central room.

A nobleman’s house also had a central room in its building plan. There were more rooms surrounding the central room in a nobleman’s home, and the furniture was much more ornate. Flooring was made of mud tiles or covered with a plaster-like material.

Suitable wood for building was very rare in Ancient Egypt. Much of the wood had to be imported since the trees that grew naturally in the dry Egyptian climate did not produce good boards. Wood was used to support doorways, steps, and ceilings.

The roof of a house was frequently used as living space in Egypt, since the insides of houses were dimly lit. Stairs to the roof were part of most every home.

KEMETIC COSMIC VIEW - THE BOOK OF NUT

2011-01-15T14:09:00.000-08:00

This book itself is pictured in nature, and resembles to some degree the Book of the Heavenly Cow. There are brief captions that seems to overwhelmed by the huge image of the sky.

We have a few examples of the Book of Nut. There are exanples in the cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos and the tomb of Ramheesses IV, through the latter is abbrieviated.

The only other evidence of this book is a commentary written in the Roman Period, and an incomplete version in the tomb of Mutirdis (TT410) dating from the 26 Dynasty. The longer appended text that accompanies the captions was reproduced in the Papyrus Carlsberg in Demotic script.

It was Jean-Francois Champollion and Hippolito Rosellini who published the earliest drawing of the representation of the sky goddess.
================

These, and some investigations that followed, were all from the versibauer on found in the tomb (KV2) of Ramesses IV, for the Osireion in Abydos, for it had not been discovered at that point.

The commentary from the Roman Period was published by H.O. Lange and Otto Neugebauer in 1940.
=============

Nut is shown as a woman supported by God Shu who holds her body aloft. Interesting, in the tomb of Seti I, she is oriented correctly for the swallowing and birth of the sun, but not in tomb of Ramesses IV.

Other motifs within the scene includes several sun disks, a winged scarab in front of the knees of the goddess, a vulture atop the heraldic plant (lotus flower)of Upper Egypt behind her legs, and nest of migratory birds next to her arms. The captions on the scenes are also accompanied by a longer appended text.

===============

The book itself is intended to provide both a topography of the sky and greater understanding of the sun's daily course. The brief captions augment this understanding and are distributed over the entire scene, describing its detail as well as the actions of the sun god, the decans and other divine beings.

O. Neugebaum set out and coded the various captions within the depiction. For example; Text L provides a definition of the "Far regions of the sky", that are in the primeval darkness and waters, not touched by the sun.

They have no bounaries or cardinal directions. A list of decans that may orginate in the Middle Kingdom are provided in Text S through X. These captions tells us the decans work and their periodic invisibilitey, including thier transit through the meridian.

The text labeled Dd through FFf explains migratory birds and their nests.

============

In the cenotaph of Seti I at Abydos, we find a text reporting a quarrel between Geb and Nut because she is swallowing their children, the stars.

The dispute is settled by their father, Shu who advises that Nut gives birth to the stars each time so they might live.

Hotep*

KMT BOOK OF THE HEAVENS

2011-01-15T12:03:00.000-08:00

During the late New Kingdom, a book was developed by the Kemet's, describes the sun's passage through the heavens.

There are actually a number of individual books, but the better documented of these include the Book of the Day, the Book of the Night, and the Book of Nut. Closely Related is the Book of the Celestial Cow.

For example; The Book of the Night, like other books, documented the sun's journey but set within Nut, goddess of the heavens. She swallows the sun at the close of the day and gives birth to it each morning.

Pasages from these books are mostly found in Ramessid period tombs.
======================

The Book of the Divine Cow begins with "The Myth of the Destruction of Mankind", the KMT (EGYPTIAN) version of the story of the flood.

======================

In the beginning daylight was always present, and humans and gods cohabitated on earth. This was depicted as paradise, but humans rebelled against the aging sun god, Ra. Ra sent Hathor as his eye (cobra snake) to punish the rebels, who begain to destroy them with fire.

However, Ra ended up feelimg sorry for them and so deceived Hathor into thinking some humans live. Ra then rearranged heaven and the underworld and left earth on the back of the celestial cow.

After the death of Akhenaten, signaling the end of the Amarna Period, we find a new set of books related to the afterlife. These books centered around Nut, who swallows the sun god in the evening, only to give birth to him in the morning.

During the day the sun god passes visibly along her body but during the night, He travels through her body, back to the place where he will rise once more.

Beginning with Ramesses IV, two of the Books of the Sky were usually placed next to each other on the ceilings of royal tombs.

They depicted a double representation of Nut, back to back. The main focus is on the sun god, other heavenly bodies are also included.

For the most part, these writings emphasize's the cosmography and topography of the now, through the astronomical ceilings found in the tombs of Seti I (KV17) Through Ramesses III (KV11)can also be viewed as precursors to the Books of the Sky,(HEAVENS).

These books are generally considered to consist of the Book of Nut, the Book of the Day and the Book of the Night.
===============

Hotep*
======

ref: crystalinks*

Ancient Egyptian Medicine Pt 1

2010-11-06T07:22:00.000-07:00

In Sickness and in Health: Preventative and Curative Health Care
============================================

If one had to be ill in ancient times, the best place to do so would probably have been Egypt. Not that an Egyptian's chances of survival would have been significantly better than those of his foreign contemporaries, but at least people had the satisfaction of being treated by physicians whose were renowned all over the ancient world.

Unlike the injuries caused by accidents or fighting, which were dealt with by the zwn.w (sunu), or scorpion stings and snake bites for which the xrp srqt (kherep serqet), the exorcist of Serqet, knew the appropriate spells and remedies, illnesses and their causes were mysterious. The Egyptians explained them as the work of the gods, caused by the presence of evil spirits or their poisons, and cleansing the body was the way to rid the body of their influence.

Incantations, prayers to the gods - above all to Sekhmet the goddess of healing, curses, and threats, often accompanied by the injection of nasty smelling and tasting medicines into the various bodily orifices, were hoped to prove effective.

Montemhet, 4th prophet of Amen, put his faith in the god he served:
==================================

I bow down to your (i.e. Amen's) name
May it be my physician,
May it drive pain away from me.
Statue inscription of Montemhet, Third Intermediate Period

M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, Volume III, p.30
==========================================

Preventive measures included prayers and various kinds of magic, above all the wearing of amulets. The importance of the diet was partially recognized [30], and the natural human craving for diversity and rich well-irrigated soil resulted in a diet which was mostly reasonably balanced: carbohydrates from cereals, vitamins from fruit and vegetables, and proteins mostly from fish. Milk and milk products were just occasionally consumed, as were legumes, seeds and oil.

The Healers and Their Art
================

The Egyptian priest-physician, wab sxmt (wab sekhmet), had a number of important functions. First, to discover the nature of the particular entity possessing the person and then attack, drive it out, or otherwise destroy it. This was done by some powerful magic for which rituals, spells, incantations, talismans and amulets were used. Sekhmet priests seem also to have been involved in the prevention of plagues, inspection of sacrificial animals and even veterinary medicine. Other healers like the zwn.w (sunu) and the za.w (sau) seem to have had recourse to the same methods and scriptures as the wab.

The role deities and their servants played in the healing process is described in the apocryphal story of Bentresh, a daughter of the chief of Bekhten, who fell ill, and Ramses II sent her Thutemhab, a scribe experienced in his heart, who can write with his finger. After Thutemhab had seen the princess and concluded that she was possessed of a spirit, he returned to Egypt, and Khonsu-in-Thebes-Beautiful-Rest agreed [51] that Khonsu-the-Plan-maker, the great god, smiting the evil spirits should be sent to Bekhten:

This god arrived in Bekhten in a full year and five months. Then the chief of Bekhten came, with his soldiers and his nobles, before Khonsu-the-Plan-Maker. He threw himself upon his belly, saying: "Thou comest to us, thou art welcome with us, by command of the King Usermare-Setepnere (Ramses II)."

Then this god went to the place where Bentresh was. Then he wrought the protection of the daughter of the chief of Bekhten. She became well immediately.

Tale written down in the late first millennium BCE
James Henry Breasted Ancient Records of Egypt, Part Three
============================================

Physical medicines such as herbs were mostly expected to assuage the pain only, while magic effected the cure. A section in the Papyrus Ebers is about charms and invocations used to encourage healing. One spell, recited before taking an herbal remedy, reads as follows: "Come Remedy! Come thou who expellest (evil) things in this my stomach and in these my limbs!"

The wording of these spells is often followed by a recommendation, such as: "Truly excellent. Millions of times."

Not all of Egyptian medicine was based on wishful thinking (moreover we should never disregard the effect faith can have on our health), much was the result of experimentation and observation, and physical means supplemented the magical ones:
Magic is effective together with medicine. Medicine is effective together with magic.

From the Ebers papyrus
================

Apart from spiritual healing and herbal medicine, they practiced massage.

Examination of a woman aching in her legs and her calves after walking
You should say of it 'it is discharges of the womb'.
You should treat it with a massage of her legs and calves with mud until she is well.

Kahun Medical Papyrus
=================

Manipulation made extensive use of therapeutic herbs and foods, but surgery was only rarely part of their treatments. According to Herodotus there was a high degree of specialization among physicians:

The practice of medicine is very specialized among them. Each physician treats just one disease. The country is full of physicians, some treat the eye, some the teeth, some of what belongs to the abdomen, and others internal diseases.

Herodotus, Histories 2,84
=========

Nothing certain is known about the way physicians acquired their medical knowledge, but one surmises that after (or in parallel to) their formation as scribes they were apprenticed to practicing healers. It has also been suggested that the Houses of Life, associated with Sekhmet, were teaching centers for physicians.

When Harsiese, the fictional physician in the prologue to the Instruction of Ankhsheshonq was called to the royal court he underwent some quizzing by the king himself and then became a member of the medical team looking after the pharaoh:

Pharaoh asked him many things and he answered them all. of the chief physician; and the chief physician did nothing without consulting Harsiese son of Ramose about it. A few days later it happened that the chief physician went to his fathers (i.e. died) Harsiese son of Ramose was made chief physician, and he was given everything that belonged to the chief physician entirely...

The Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
M. Lichtheim: Ancient Egyptian Literature Vol. 3, p.161
===================================

Like all scribal professions medicine was a domain dominated by men. But occasionally women succeeded not just in acquiring medical knowledge but also in climbing to the top of the scribal hierarchy.

An Old Kingdom female physician named Peseshet left a stela which recorded her positions of Overseer of Funerary Priestesses and of Overseer of Female Physicians.

Many of the poorer Egyptians probably had little contact with real physicians and called for the local medic, a workman like Paheripedjet at Deir el Medina who was frequently excused from his normal duties to attend to the sick. He seems to have had some medical knowledge, knew how to prepare medicines and made home visits.
The medical knowledge.

A few papyri have survived, from which we can learn about Egyptian medicine:

The Edwin Smith Papyrus
=======================

Describing surgical diagnosis and treatments;

the Ebers Papyrus on ophthalmology, diseases of the digestive system, the head, the skin and specific maladies like aAa, which some think may have been a precursor of aids and others, perhaps more reasonably, consider to have been a disease of the urinary tract, a compilation of earlier works that contains a large number of prescriptions and recipes,

the Kahun Gynecological Papyrus,
the Berlin Medical Papyrus,
the London Medical Papyrus.

the Hearst medical papyrus repeats many of the recipes found in the Ebers papyrus.
the Demotic Magical Papyrus of London and Leiden contains a number of spells for treating physical ailments.

The treatments in these texts are often organized into groups. The Edwin Smith Papyrus for instance opens with eight texts concerning head wounds, followed by nineteen treatments of wounds to the face (forehead, eyebrows, nose, cheeks, temples, mouth, chin), six descriptions of how to deal with injuries to throat and neck, five dealing with collar-bones and arms, and seven with chest complaints.

===================

It appears that all this knowledge dates to the third millennium BCE, even though the papyrus itself is of a much later date. Some important notions concerning the nervous system originated with the Egyptians, a word for brain is used here for the first time in any written language: ... the membrane enveloping his brain, so that it breaks open his fluid in the interior of his head.

The Edwin Smith papyrus, case 6
================

Acting conservatively, they knew how to treat injuries to the brain without killing the patient, but on the whole their understanding of the brain and its functions was superficial: they considered thinking to be a function of the heart.

Their dissection of bodies during mummification seems not to have added greatly to their knowledge of the inner workings of the human body. Possibly because mummifiers and physicians did not move in the same circles, but also because of the way the organs were removed; ripped out through a small incision in the corpse's flank or, in the case of the brain, scooped out in small portions through a nostril.

They had some anatomical knowledge though, had made the connection between pulse and heart. They also had understanding of the circulation of the blood, thank to head physician and genius Imhotep.

Now if the priests of Sekhmet or any physician put his hands (or) his fingers upon the head , upon the back of the head upon the two hands , upon the pulse , upon the two feet , he measures (h't ) the heart , because its vessels are in the back of the head and in the pulse ; and because its pulsation is in every vessel of every member.

The Edwin Smith papyrus, case 1
==================

This knowledge reached Greece through the doctors of Alexandria. The anatomical properties they were best aware of were superficial, pertaining to accessible body parts such as bones of limbs or the infants' fontanelles
fluttering under the fingers like the weak place of an infant's crown before it becomes whole

The Edwin Smith papyrus, case 6
===================

Often we cannot translate the specialist expressions used in the medical texts, both of the affected body parts such as the mt.w, generally translated as "vessels" or the like and apparently comprising blood vessels, sinews and nerves, and the ingredients of their medicines. Sometimes their knowledge was either not very exact or unfortunately expressed. One will wonder for a few moments underneath what the bronchi were to be found:

"A dislocation in his two collar-bones" means a displacement of the heads of his sickle-bone(s). Their heads are attached to the upper bone of his breast to his throat, over which is the flesh of his gorge, that is the flesh that is over his bosom. Two ducts (i.e. the bronchi) are under it: one on the right and (one) on the left of his throat (and) of his bosom; they lead to his lungs.

The Edwin Smith papyrus, case 34
======================

That this theoretical knowledge was often successfully applied is proven by archaeological finds in the workers' tombs at Gizeh for instance. Skeletons with broken arms that had been set, a man who had survived the amputation of a leg by fourteen years and another brain surgery by two years.

The diseases
============

Everyday complaints like stomach upsets, bowel trouble and headaches went probably mostly untreated, even if the physicians could offer remedies:
For the evacuation of the belly:
Cow's milk, 1; .grains, 1; honey 1; mash, sift, cook; take in four portions.

To remedy the bowels:
Melilot (?), 1; dates, 1; cook in oil; anoint sick part.

To refresh an aching head:
Flour, 1; incense, 1; wood of wa, 1; waneb plant, 1; mint (?), 1; horn of a stag, 1; sycamore (?) seeds, 1; seeds of [ (?)], 1; mason's plaster (?), 1; seeds of zart, 1; water, 1; mash, apply to the head.

To renew bowel movements in a constipated child:
An old book, boil in oil, apply half on the belly to reestablish evacuation.

Ebers Papyrus
============

G. Maspero, Etudes de mythologie et d'achéologie égyptiennes III, 1898, pp.289f.
The common cold plagued the ancient Egyptians as it still does us today, and their remedy, the milk of a mother who has given birth to a boy, was probably as effective as anything we have got today. Moreover they had a tried and true spell to go with it.

May you flow out, catarrh, son of catarrh, who breaks the bones, who destroys the skull, who hacks in the marrow, who causes the seven openings in the head to ache.

Ebers Papyrus

While some Egyptians lived to a ripe old age like Ramses II or Psalmist I's daughter Nitocris who reigned as God's Wife for more than sixty years, the age at death was only in a minority of cases above thirty-five years, with bilharziasis (schistosomiasis) - a disease difficult not to contract in a country flooded for months every year - a common cause of anemia, female infertility, a debilitating loss of resistance to other diseases and subsequent death.

The Ebers Papyrus addresses some of the symptoms of the disease and in two columns discusses treatment and prevention of bleeding in the urinal tract (haematuria) [6]. The Hearst Papyrus cites antimony disulfide as a remedy.

Insect borne diseases like malaria and trachoma, an eye disease, were endemic; plagues spread along the trade routes and a number of yadet renpet (jAd.t rnp.t) epidemics reported in Egyptian documents are thought by some to have been outbreaks of bubonic plague.

The following charm has been interpreted as referring to the plague, as one of its symptoms is a dark discoloration of the skin:

Spell for the disease of the Asiatics: Who is all-knowing like Re? Who is thus all-knowing? This god who blackens the body with char-coal? May this Highest God be seized!
pHearst 11,12

After a German translation in Jürgen Kraus, Die Demographie des Alten Ägypten, Göttingen 2004, p.187

Mosquitoes also spread filarial worms which caused the disfiguring elephantiasis.
This disease was not very prevalent but caused immense suffering to its victims.
Infectious diseases were rampant in the relatively densely populated Nile valley, where practically the whole population lived within a narrow strip of land along the river, which at times was only a few hundred metres wide, and their incidence was dependent to some degree on the seasons.

Smallpox, diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, jaundice and relapsing fever were responsible for many deaths, above all during spring and summer. The ubiquity of water during the inundation brought with it a different set of ailments, chief among them probably malaria, which were the main cause for mortality in late autumn; while the cooler weather of autumn and winter seems to have favored the outbreak of respiratory illnesses.

A child's vertebra showing signs of tubercular infection
Source: V.Easy

Trichinae afflicted the pigs, parasitic worms and tuberculosis the cattle and were occasionally passed on to the human population. Human tuberculosis was widespread; Leprosy on the other hand, caused by bacteria similar to the tubercle bacillus, is badly documented and was apparently relatively rare, possibly because of an immunity TB sufferers acquired. Some think that leprosy originated in Egypt and spread to the Levant and Europe along the migration and trade routes, others contend that there is no proof of its existence in ancient times.

Silicosis of the lungs, the result of breathing in airborne sand particles, is documented and was a frequent cause of death, as was pneumonia.
The various kinds of malignant tumors were almost as frequent then as they are nowadays in comparable age and gender groups.

Eye infections are a common complaint in Africa. In ancient Egypt they were at least in part prevented by the application of bactericidal eye paint. The ingredients of some of the remedies may not have been as difficult to come by in a civilization, where the brain of the dead was removed in little bits from the skull during mummification and discarded, as it would be in a modern western country:
Prescription for the eye, to be used for all diseases which occur in this organ:
Human brain, divide into its two halves, mix one half with honey, smear on the eye in the evening, dry the other half, mash, sift, smear on the eye in the morning.

Ebers Papyrus
G. Maspero, Etudes de mythologie et d'achéologie égyptiennes III, 1898, p.290.

The hard physical toil, often repetitive, caused great harm to the bones and joints of the labourers after only a few years of being subjected to it. Those who survived into old age were victims of the same infirmities that still plague the aged like cardio-vascular diseases, arthritis, from which Ramses II suffered, and probably dementia.

Congenital diseases were not infrequent and often brought about early death as the burials of infants bear out. Their causes may have been environmental, nutritional or social.

Inbreeding, not infrequent among the royals, was probably also not rare among the common people largely bound to the soil: the occurrence of a sixth finger or toe in mummies, interpreted by some as the result of inbreeding, has been noted a number of times, as has the high incidence of spina bifida occulta in the Bahariye Oasis during Graeco-Roman times; but there is no evidence that the union of healthy close relatives would result in defective offspring in populations which are not isolated.

Open wounds were often treated with honey, but sepsis was one of the commonest causes of death. When lockjaw set in due to a tetanus infection, physicians knew they were powerless against this affliction:

Thou shouldst say regarding him: "One having a gaping wound in his head penetrating to the bone, perforating the sutures of his skull; he has developed ty, his mouth is bound, (and) he suffers with stiffness in his neck. An ailment not to be treated."

The Edwin Smith papyrus, case 7

Instances of diseases, which are rare today, were also found: in a First Intermediate Period cemetery at Abydos the skeleton of a child has been discovered which had suffered from osteoporosis.

Little is known about pregnancy and childbirth in ancient Egypt, and on the basis of a few literary hints one surmises that, unless there were extraordinary problems, physicians were not involved. There was a store of knowledge concerning women, as is reflected in the Kahun Gynecological papyrus, the Greater Berlin Papyrus and others, which dealt with urinary problems, pains in the abdomen, legs and genitals, fertility and conception.

Dietary deficiencies

A restricted diet caused or aggravated a number of ailments, some with fatal outcome. There were times when malnutrition was widespread. Prehistoric dental records suggest that health was poor during much of that period, and improved with the increasing adoption of agriculture; but even in historic times when the supply of food was generally assured, the growth of the population was often stunted. Grown males reached a height of about 1.60 m and females 10 cm less during the early Middle Kingdom. Because of vitamin and other deficiencies.

Herbal Medicine

Herbs played a major part in Egyptian medicine. The plant medicines mentioned in the Ebers papyrus for instance include opium, cannabis, myrrh, frankincense, fennel, cassia, senna, thyme, henna, juniper, aloe, linseed and castor oil - though some of the translations are less than certain. Cloves of garlic have been found in Egyptian burial sites, including the tomb of Tutankhamen and in the sacred underground temple of the bulls at Saqqara. Many herbs were steeped in wine, which was then drunk as an oral medicine.

Egyptians thought garlic and onions aided endurance, and consumed large quantities of them. Raw garlic was routinely given to asthmatics and to those suffering with bronchial-pulmonary complaints. Onions helped against problems of the digestive system. (e.g. Ebers 192

Garlic was an important healing agent then just as it still is to the modern Egyptian and to most of the peoples in the Mediterranean area: Fresh cloves are peeled, mashed and macerated in a mixture of vinegar and water. This can be used to gargle and rinse the mouth, or taken internally to treat sore throats and toothache. Another way to take garlic both for prevention as well as treatment is to macerate several cloves of mashed garlic in olive oil.

Applied as an external liniment or taken internally it is beneficial for bronchial and lung complaints including colds. A freshly peeled clove of raw garlic wrapped in muslin or cheesecloth and pinned to the undergarment is hoped to protect against infectious diseases such as colds and influenza.

Coriander, C. Sativum (e.g. pHearst 102, 124 was considered to have cooling, stimulant, carminative and digestive properties. Both the seeds and the plant were used as a spice in cooking to prevent and eliminate flatulence, they were also taken as a tea for stomach and all kinds of urinary complaints including cystitis.

Coriander leaves were commonly added fresh to spicy foods to moderate their irritating effects. It was one of the herbs offered to the gods by the king, and seeds were found in the tomb of Tutankhamen and in other ancient burial sites.
Cumin, Cumin cyminum (e.g. Hearst 28, 55, 125 is an umbelliferous herb indigenous to Egypt. The seeds were considered to be a stimulant and effective against flatulence.

They were often used together with coriander for flavoring. Cumin powder mixed with some wheat flour as a binder and a little water was applied to relieve the pain of any aching or arthritic joints. Powdered cumin mixed with grease or lard was inserted as an anal suppository to disperse heat from the anus and stop itching.

Leaves from many plants, such as willow, sycamore, acacia (e.g. Ebers 105, 415 or the ym-tree, were used in poultices and the like (e.g. Smith 46. Tannic Acid derived from acacia seeds commonly helped for cooling the vessels (e.g. pHearst 95, and heal burns. Castor oil, (e.g. Ebers 25 and 251 figs (e.g. Ebers 41 and dates, were used as laxatives.

Tape worms, the snakes in the belly, were dealt with by an infusion of pomegranate root in water, which was strained and drunk. The alkaloids contained in it paralyzed the worms' nervous system, and they relinquished their hold. Ulcers were treated with yeast, as were stomach ailments.

Some of the medicines were made from plant materials imported from abroad. Mandrake (e.g. pHearst 109, 168, 185, introduced from Canaan and grown locally since the New Kingdom, was thought to be an aphrodisiac and, mixed with alcohol, induced unconsciousness.

Cedar oil, an antiseptic,originated in the Levant. The Persian henna was grown in Egypt since the Middle Kingdom, and - if identical with henu mentioned in the Ebers Papyrus - was used against hair loss. They treated catarrh with aloe which came from eastern Africa. Frankincense , containing tetrahydrocannabinol and used like hashish as pain killer (e.g. Kahun 12, was imported from Punt.

Minerals and animal products were used too. Honey and grease formed part of many wound treatments, mother's milk was occasionally given against viral diseases like the common cold, fresh meat laid on open wounds and sprains, and animal dung was thought to be effective at times.

A cosmetics jar at the Cairo Museum bears the legend: "Eye lotion to be dispersed, good for eyesight." An Egyptian papyrus from 1500 BCE discusses recipes for treating conjunctivitis and cornea, iris, and eyelid problems. Lead-based chemicals like carbonates and acetates were popular for their therapeutic properties.

Malachite used as an eye-liner also had therapeutic value. In a country where eye infections were endemic, the effects of its germicidal qualities were appreciated even if the reasons for its effectiveness were not understood.

hotep:

4 Symbolic Elements

2010-10-23T07:28:00.000-07:00

In these four elements symbolic of four supreme beings combined with the fifth element, The Human being (a source of creative will) (Hu). This is the source of all life forms on this great planet.

Ta (Earth), with Ma (Water) , ¾ of the planet earth surface is occupied by water. And re-aligned ourselves with Neteru, and even “Mother Nature”.

All from the primordial waters. And our etherian parents the (8) Eight Rashunaat (Ogdoad).

The life forces, Sekhem and find our way home, through the energies as ether on into the boundless universe as cell life forms beings. Universal Ba (inner soul) to give or sustain life Neb (spiritual masters of individuals) Bes. (Master, physical image of a deity.

Protected by the Ba (inner soul) Ba gives life and Neb (spiritual masters) sustains Ka. (Etheric double, spiritual body) , Sa (protect , guard), Hu (The Neter of offering) Khaibit (shadow).

Sekhem – Chi, energy from the root seat, Setekht , Khu (fire, flame) sustains Neb (spiritual master). The Khat (physical dead body). To our physical parent Sedjet (Enneads).

==================
We must attune ourselves with the elements that are in and around us daily. Through each awakening , sleeping and fleeting moment. As we elude ourselves that time is in motion. Time does not move forward, nor has it come from behind.

It has always been. Time does not ascend upward; nor has it descended from above. Time is now, now is the time, time is.
==================

We must learn the realities of existence and reverse the process of self deterioration. , both physically and mentally, and with the “confirmed fact” become a part of all. The essence of our being is that we exist and with that confirmation existence is as we are. Time is as we be. All is , all acts, all does, all things are a part of all on into allness.

===============

The baby of (Allness) is found in the womb of Quantum Physics, born inside-out in Ethernic existence.

So as a devoted Kemetic of the ancient Egyptian and order of Neter A’aferti known as…. Atum Re.

Sekhem – Chi Tepi – Hesp (Aura)

Each time you begin this journey it’s the first time.....
A Neter yourself , from which derives the word 'Nature'.

You maybe initiated, and re-initiated until Meskhenet vibrating all 4 Tepi Hespaat (Auras).

1. Blue, 2. Yellow, 3. Green, 4. Red

===========================

And then you may reverse the cycle, until the ancient ones arrange your existence in the great sight to flow in order. Once that perfected state has been reached. The inner being begins to elevate itself back into Kuluwm (All).

And back to Meshenet short paths of faith, belief and your diligent quest for facts and confirmation, has led you to the end of belief, faith and to the beginning journey on the path of truth and facts and Rennet - fortune.

=================

The Golden City , Egypt

(Tama-Re)
(Egypt of the West)

==============

The Great Re Sun (Ra) with its thousands (1000’s) of Rays (‘Re’) of mental energy protecting each era of what’s called time.

A great crystal city must be born, on earth as it is in heaven, for the higher learning when the spiritual Neteru (Masters) must descend and ascend to seek those worthy of the best kept secrets; best kept sacred.

Atum-Re. I am he who will harold in this great resurrection of the children of the Neter (Deity’s) with the great alignment of the planet at the millennium 5/5/2000 A.D.

The element site, this like El Maguraj is not a new rite, A fabricated initiation, but a long thought forgotten rite,, that was a part of our ancient but now resurrected to present day culture.

When we ruled....... in the heavens and came to the earth, and in due respect of utilizing the provisions of this new environment, we gave thanks and showed appreciation through this most sacred and ancient ritual.

If you prove to be worthy, you many continue to walk the path, stand amongst the Nebu, Neteru, the Anunnagi, the Nommo, the Eluls.

It is these four ancient and supreme races of beings who are responsible for bringing the Homo Sapien into existence and clicking on the light called Ba (soul).

Which is that state of expression that was needed to show through, Taful (prayer) , Through Maguraj, (the journey within) and again through this great ritual.

Our appreciation for the boundless gifts, and our willingness to cooperate, participate in nature and its generosity. The Source, which is ever nourishing us with the fruits in which they bring forth from Ta, (Earth), substance, and the Mu (water).

Which through moistness germinates and kindles life in Nature, and the Nefu (Air) which transports the seeds for growth, to sustain the body and trigger the ether, through proper breathing.

Through Sutukh (fire) the sun that stimulates growth, and the flames that cooks our food, we must remember we were not alone, we are never alone.

El Juzrun Dakka – The element site.

The Maguraj site, is directly aligned with the star constellation Sabtu (Orion)

It is no coincidence that the element sight, El Juzrun Dakka is directly aligned with the Taurus star constellation consists of the Zeta star, Al Natu, Alderbaran, Pleiades, Hyades and Lambda.

The key to measure the distance of star’s in star clusters, Taurus is the symbol of “The bull”.

It is also the Greek symbol of Tau, which was adapted from the Egyptian symbol the Shen. (Refer to amulets.

Taurus the bull is one of the 12 constellations of the zodiac, which is Mentu. Its brightest star Kiymah ‘pleiades’ is positioned approximately 500 light years away from Ta (earth).

Pleiades is the 7th star system in Orion,the 16th galaxy. The brightest star of Pleiades is called ‘Eta Tauri”.

The star cluster of Taurus constellation

1. Zeta Star 2. Al Natu 3. Alderbaran 4. Pleiades 5. Hyades 6. Lambda ….

Is the key to measuring the distance between stars.

============
Did you know?
============

How Halloween started….
Halloween custom goes back 2,000 yrs. It was based on a ceremony that was held around the first of November. The ceremony was led by Druids, who were Celtic priests in Great Britain, Ireland and parts of France.

During the event, they honored the souls of the dead who returned to Earth that night. As part of the celebration, people burned bonfires and wore costumes.

In some parts of the world, black cats are thought to be good luck.

hotep!

Ninetjer (Nynetjer) The Third King of Egypt's 2nd Dynasty

2010-10-10T17:50:00.000-07:00

by Jimmy Dunn

As we descend into the murky far past of Egypt's history, there is no surprise that historical details become blurred, and this certainly applies to the period between the death of Qaa at the end of the 1st Dynasty and the accession of Netjerikhet Djoser in the 3rd Dynasty. Most of the kings of the 2nd Dynasty remain obscure, and we frequently know little more about them than Egyptologists of a generation past. However, the identity and order of the first three kings is certain, thanks to an inscribed statue in the Cairo Museum, and other contemporary monuments and later kings lists can be reconciled with reasonable certainty for the first five rulers.

However, the Palermo Stone records a significant drop in the average height of the annual inundation of the Nile River, and therefore it is possible, if not likely, that ecological factors may have produced tensions and for a while, at least towards the end of the Dynasty, Egypt may have even been divided. Yet, up until and through the reign of Ninetjer, the Two Lands seems to have been ruled as one.

A granite statuette of the mortuary priest named Hetepdief, implies (because their names are listed on his shoulder) that there was continuity between the first three kings of the 2nd Dynasty, for their mortuary cults were served by only one individual, and it is known that Ninetjer maintained the mortuary cult of at least one predecessor.An inscribed stone vessel discovered in the Step Pyramid juxtaposes the serekh of Ninetjer and the ka-chapel of Hetepsekhemwy.

Ninetjer (Nynetjer) was this kings Horus name, and simply means "godlike", or "He Who Belongs to the God". The term god probably in this instance references Re, the sun god.

==============

Ninetjer is actually by far the best attested king of the early 2nd Dynasty. Given the position of his titulary on the Palermo Stone, he must have ruled Egypt for at least thirty-five years, though Manetho gives him forty-seven.

In fact, most of what we know of this king is derived from the annals recorded on the Palermo Stone, where the whole fourth register records events between his fifth or sixth year through his twentieth or twenty-first.

However, the king is also evidenced by three fine tombs in the elite cemetery at North Saqqara containing sealings of Ninetjer, as well as one across the Nile in the Early Dynastic necropolis at Helwan.

There were additionally five different jar-sealings of the king discovered in a large mastaba near Giza. However, more sealings of Ninetjer eventually led to the identification of the king's own tomb at Saqqara (though some scholars doubt that this is clearly his tomb).

====================

From the Palermo Stone, we learn of the foundation of a chapel or estate named Hr-rn during the king's seventh year on the throne. Otherwise, most of the events evidenced on that record are regular ritual appearances of the king and various religious festivals.

A festival of Sokar apparently was held every six years during his reign, and the running of the Apis bull was recorded twice during years nine and fifteen of his reign. Most of the festivals recorded during his reign were held in the region of Memphis, with the exception of a ceremony associated with the goddess Nekhbet of Elkab during year nineteen.

The fact that most activity associated with this king occurred in the region of Memphis may be important. Little evidence of the king is found outside of this region and it may be that his activities was largely, if not completely confined to Lower Egypt. Towards the end of his reign, there was a good deal of internal tension in Egypt, perhaps even civil war.

The Palermo Stone tantalizes us with the possibility of this beginning in Ninetjer's thirteenth year. It records the attack of several towns including one who's name means "north land" or "House of the North" (the other city was Shem-Re). Some have interpreted this entry in the Palermo Stone to mean that Ninetjer had to suppress a rebellion in Lower, or Northern Egypt.

Unfortunately, the Palermo Stone ends with the nineteenth year of his reign. However, inscriptions on stone vessels, which probably date to the latter part of his reign, appear to record several other events, such as a four occurrence of the Sokar Festival, which probably took place in year twenty-four, and the "seventeenth occasion of the [biennial] census", which may have occurred in his thirty-fourth year on the throne.

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Other than the various inscribed stone vessels, only two other artifacts have been unearthed that bear the king's name. One of these is a small ivory vessel from the Saqqara area, but the other is a small statue of considerable significance, both to the king's history and especially Egyptian art.

The statuette is made of alabaster, depicting the king on his throne and wearing the close fitting robe associated with the Sed-festival. Upon his head rests the White Crown of Lower Egypt.

This crude stone statuette of unknown provenance, now in the Georges Michailides Collection, represents the earliest complete and identifiable example of three-dimensional royal statuary from Egypt.

It also provides evidence that the king celebrated at least one Sed-festival, which would have been likely given the apparent long reign of Ninetjer.

While no contemporary inscriptions evidence this celebration, there was also a stock of stone vessels discovered in the Step Pyramid galleries that may have been prepared for this event.

Some scholars theorize that this further evidences the difficulties late in the king's reign, suggesting that these were never distributed due to domestic unrest which disrupted communications and weakened the authority of the central administration. Hence, the stone vessels were later appropriated by subsequent kings of the late 2nd and early 3rd Dynasties.

The name of Ninetjer's successor to the throne, Peribsen (Seth-Peribsen), unusually referencing the god Seth, is another piece of evidence indicating unrest. However, it is likely that Peribsen did not directly replace Ninetjer.

It is likely that as many as two or more shadowy rulers (Weneg, Sened and Nubnefer) took the throne of perhaps a divided Egypt. in the interim. However, most modern kings' lists do not reference all of them, and some list only one or two.

Atlas of Ancient Egypt

Ash

2010-10-03T06:24:00.000-07:00

Ash was the ancient Egyptian god of oases, as well as the Vineyards of the western Nile Delta and thus was viewed as a benign deity. Flinders-Petrie in his 1923 expedition to the Saqqara (also spelt Sakkara) found several references to Ash in Old Kingdom wine jar seals: I am refreshed by this Ash was a common inscription.

In particular, he was identified by the Ancient Egyptians as the god of the Libu and Tinhu tribes, known as the people of the oasis.

Consequently Ash was known as the lord of Libya, the western border areas occupied by the Libu and Tinhu tribes, corresponds roughly with the area of modern Libya. It is also possible that he was worshiped in Ombos, as their original chief deity.

In Egyptian Mythology, as god of the oases, Ash was associated with Set, who was originally god of the desert, and was seen as protector of the Sahara.

The first known recorded mention of Ash dates to the Protodynastic Period, but by the late 2nd Dynasty, his importance grew, and he was seen as protector of the royal estates, since the related god Set, in Lower Egypt, was regarded as the patron deity of royalty itself. Ash's importance was such that he was mentioned even until the 26th Dynasty.

Ash was usually depicted as a human, whose head was one of the desert creatures, variously being shown as a lion, vulture, hawk, snake, or the unidentified Set-animals. Indeed, depictions of Ash are the earliest known depictions, in ancient Egyptian art, to show a deity as a human with the head of an animal.

On occasion, Ash and Set were depicted similarly, as the currently unidentified Set-Animal.

Some depictions of Ash show him as having multiple heads, unlike other Egyptian deities, although some compound depictions were occasionally shown connecting gods to Min. In an article in the journal Ancient Egypt (in 1923), and again in an appendix to her book.

The Splendor that was Egypt, Margaret Murray expands on such depictions, and draws a parallel to a Scythian deity, who is referenced in Sebastian Münster's Cosmographia universalis.

The idea of Ash as an import God is contested, as he was the God of Ombos far before Set's introduction sometime in Dynasty II. One of his titles is "Nebuty" or "He of Nebut" indicating this position.

Ash is sometimes seen as another name for Set-- similarly as one might give the name Ta-Bitjet for Serket, Dunanwy for Anti, or Sefkhet-Abwy for Sheshat.

King Tutankhamen’s Funerary Mask

2010-10-03T05:34:00.000-07:00

King Tutankhamen’s Funerary Mask

Icon of ancient Egypt, the teenage pharaoh's funerary mask immortalizes his features in gold, glass, and semiprecious stones.

This and other treasures from his tomb, now in Cairo's Egyptian Museum, attract a constant swirl of visitors.

See more photos from the September 2010 story "King Tut’s Family Secrets."

See more photos of Egypt »

Photograph by Kenneth Garrett, National Geographic

Khaba, Shadowy King of the Third Dynasty

2010-09-25T07:44:00.000-07:00

We know very little about the King, who probably occupied the throne of Egypt near the end of the 3rd Dynasty, named Khaba, who's name means "The Soul Appears". His nswt-bity and nbty names are unknown. It has been suggested that the king's birth name might have been Teti.

In the Turnin King List, this king's name is marked as "erased", but is credited with a reign of six years. The fact that his name was marked as "erased" may mean that there were dynastic problems, or simply that the scribe who composed the Turin King List was unable to read his name from more ancient records.

Khaba is attested to at four, and perhaps five sites in Egypt, including a mastaba (Z-500) at Zawiyet el-Aryan, where eight alabaster bowls inscribed with the king's serekh in red ink were unearthed. This mastaba is located in an area about two kilometers south of the Giza Plateau, halfway between Giza and Abusir on the west bank of the Nile, adjacent to the so-called "layer pyramid". While there is no evidence from this unfinished pyramid itself to link it with Khaba, it is generally attributed to him on the basis of the inscribed stone bowls found nearby.

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Evidence of Khaba in Southern Egypt is attested by sealings found at Hierakonpolis and Elephantine. Those from Hierakonpolis come from the Early Dynastic town, either from houses or from the Early Dynastic stratum beneath the Old Kingdom temple of Horus.

The Elephantine sealing was unearthed from the eastern town, and depicts a divine figure, perhaps the god Ash, holding a long scepter, flanked by serekhs of Khaba. There is also a diorite bowl of unknown provenance inscribed with the serekh of Khaba that is now in London's Petrie Museum, and another diorite bowl now in a private collection which is said to have come from Dahshur is likewise inscribed.

Unfortunately, even Khaba's position within the order of succession has not been established beyond doubt, though he most certainly ruled in the latter part of the 3rd Dynasty. Most scholars appear to believe that he was the next to last king of the dynasty, though it has been suggested that Khaba could be the Horus name of the last king, Huni. Stone bowls inscribed with the name of a king were common during the 1st and early 2nd Dynasties ending with the reign of Khasekhemwy, but are not attested to again until the reign of Sneferu. Hence, this appears to suggest that Khaba preceded Sneferu of the 4th Dynasty by only a short period.

Furthermore, the sealings of Khaba come from two sites where Huni erected small step pyramids, which also tends to suggest that Khaba might be identified as Huni.

Nevertheless, most scholars identify Khaba as one of Huni's predecessors. Because of the close architectural similarity between Sekhemkhet's unfinished pyramid and the one at Zawiyet el-Aryan, Khaba may be most plausibly identified as Sekhemkhet's immediate successor, provided that the layer pyramid indeed belongs to Khaba. The substructure of this pyramid is so very similar to the pyramid of Sekhemkhet that it must have been built very near in time to his.

Little else is know about this king, one of many Egyptian rulers who remain mostly anonymous. However, as a king ruling within a major dynasty, Khaba actually stands out for our lack of knowledge about him. Though almost always listed as one of the last kings of the 3rd Dynasty, many modern references otherwise ignore his reign. We know nothing of his family, or for that matter, any of his building projects beyond the uninscribed Layer Pyramid, nor do we have much idea about his foreign or domestic policies.

This is perhaps another reason that it is tempting to equate him with Huni. He was apparently never buried in the layer pyramid, and his body has never been identified. While we may never know much about this king, hopefully archaeologist will someday provide us with more information than is now currently available.

James Dunn

References:
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Title Author Date Publisher Reference Number
Atlas of Ancient Egypt Baines, John; Malek, Jaromir 1980 Les Livres De France None Stated
Chronicle of the Pharaohs (The Reign-By-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt) Clayton, Peter A. 1994 Thames and Hudson Ltd ISBN 0-500-05074-0
History of Ancient Egypt, A Grimal, Nicolas 1988 Blackwell None Stated
Monarchs of the Nile

Imhotep Theory Of Relativity

2010-09-08T18:12:00.000-07:00

He Comes In Peace (IMHOTEP)- is the name of the first recorded architect.

The earliest known roots of the scientific method trace as far back as Imhotep (c. 2600 BC), who is credited as the orginal author of the Edwin Smith papyrus; though this work is believed to be based on earlier material as early as circa 3000 BC.

The methods entailed in the Edwin Smith papyrus reflect the basic components of the scientific method: examination, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. A basic structure of the scientific method is also highlighted in the Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC); though this work is not considered as rational as the Edwin Smith papyrus, because its remedies rely heavily upon magic and superstition.

The development of the scientific method is inseparable from the history of science itself. Though earlier documents describe methods resembling that of the scientific method, it is not until ancient Greek culture that the first elements of the scientific method clearly become well established. Nevertheless, the ancient Greeks themselves are known to have studied in Egypt.

The earliest recorded scientific practices can be traced back to Egypt in North-East Africa. Isaac Asimov (a Russian-born American author) in his book Biographical Encyclopaedia of Science and Technology reports that science is a gift from "Ancient Africa" to the modern world.

Imhotep (an Egyptian priest) was the first recorded person to practice Medicine. The earlest scientific centre could possibly have been the Library of Alexandria in Egypt (North-East Africa), where many notable early scientists like Euclid and Heron of Alexandria came to study. The Greeks also practiced science in its early forms but the oldest trace of science still lies in Egypt.

The fundamental tenets of the scientific method at last crystallized no later than the rise of the modern physical sciences, in the 17th and 18th centuries. In his work Novum Organum--a reference to Aristotle's Organon--Francis Bacon outlined a new system of logic to improve upon the old philosophical process of syllogism. These writings are considered critical in the historical development of the scientific method.

General Relativity

Einstein's prediction (1907): Light bends in a gravitational field

Einstein's theory of General Relativity makes several specific predictions about the observable structure of space-time, such as a prediction that light bends in a gravitational field and that the amount of bending depends in a precise way on the strength of that gravitational field. Arthur Eddington's observations made during a 1919 solar eclipse supported General Relativity rather than Newtonian gravitation.

Early history of science

The Djoser funerary complex was meant to be a house for a god and a metaphor for the sky. Today, it is usually understood that this original work of classical architecture is a vacant house of stone "from which the gods have field."

This difference does not have to be understood as a further sign of an irrecoverable loss of meaning. It is a historical doubling of meaning, or a duplicity.

Herodotus on Sesostris

2010-08-16T09:10:00.000-07:00

Who was this Sesostris, Senusret III (1878-1841 BCE) or Ramses II (1304-1237 BCE) ? According to Herodotus he followed Moiris, who is generally supposed to have been Amenemhet III (1841-1796 BCE). He may well be a compound of a number of conquering pharaohs and even then not all they are reported to have achieved, is true: The Red Sea region for instance was brought under Egyptian control only by the Ptolemies - two centuries after Herodotus.

Senusret II (1882-1878 BCE) conquered parts of northern Arabia. Senusret III fought the Libyans and invaded Syria. The empire of the Hyksos kings included Karkamesh (today southern Turkey), but many do not count them as proper Egyptian pharaohs, though they appear in the kings' lists. The Hyksos rule was ended by Ahmose I (1570-1546).

Thutmose III (1504-1450 BCE) extended Egyptian power into Canaan and Syria. Amenhotep II crossed the Euphrates but did not conquer further territories. His followers, among them Ramses II, did their best to defend these possessions. During the 20th Dynasty Egypt's influence in Retenu waned and its power declined sharply. In the Late Period Psammetic I undertook a campaign into Mesopotamia before the final collapse of Pharaonic Egypt.

Many pharaohs erected stelae (pillars) abroad.The stela of Seti I at Beit Shean (in modern Israel) is well known, as are the Buhen Stela in Nubia erected by Seti I in honour of his father Ramses I, and the Beit Shean Stela of Ramses II. But no sexual symbols have been found on any of them.

Therefore passing these by I will make mention of the king who came after these, whose name is Sesostris. He (the priests said) first of all set out with ships of war from the Arabian gulf and subdued those who dwelt by the shores of the Erythraian Sea, until as he sailed he came to a sea which could no further be navigated by reason of shoals: then secondly, after he had returned to Egypt, according to the report of the priests, he took a great army and marched over the continent, subduing every nation which stood in his way.

Those of them whom he found valiant and fighting desperately for their freedom, in their lands he set up pillars which told by inscriptions his own name and the name of his country, and how he had subdued them by his power; but as to those of whose cities he obtained possession without fighting or with ease, on their pillars he inscribed words after the same tenor as he did for the nations which had shown themselves courageous, and in addition he drew upon them the hidden parts of a woman, desiring to signify by this that the people were cowards and effeminate.

Thus doing he traversed the continent, until at last he passed over to Europe from Asia and subdued the Scythians and also the Thracians. These, I am of opinion, were the furthest people to which the Egyptian army came, for in their country the pillars are found to have been set up, but in the land beyond this they are no longer found.

From this point he turned and began to go back; and when he came to the river Phasis, what happened then I cannot say for certain, whether the king Sesostris himself divided off a certain portion of his army and left the men there as settlers in the land, or whether some of his soldiers were wearied by his distant marches and remained by the river Phasis.

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For the people of Colchis are evidently Egyptian, and this I perceived for myself before I heard it from others. So when I had come to consider the matter I asked them both; and the Colchians had remembrance of the Egyptians more than the Egyptians of the Colchians; but the Egyptians said they believed that the Colchians were a portion of the army of Sesostris. That this was so I conjectured myself not only because they are dark-skinned and have curly hair (this of itself amounts to nothing, for there are other races which are so), but also still more because the Colchians, Egyptians, and Ethiopians alone of all the races of men have practiced circumcision from the beginning.

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The Phenicians and the Syrians who dwell in Palestine confess themselves that they have learnt it from the Egyptians, and the Syrians about the river Thermodon and the river Parthenios, and the Macronians, who are their neighbors, say that they have learnt it lately from the Colchians. These are the only races of men who practise circumcision, and these evidently practise it in the same manner as the Egyptians.

Of the Egyptians themselves however and the Ethiopians, I am not able to say which learnt from the other, for undoubtedly it is a most ancient custom; but that the other nations learnt it by intercourse with the Egyptians, this among others is to me a strong proof, namely that those of the Phenicians who have intercourse with Hellas cease to follow the example of the Egyptians in this matter, and do not circumcise their children.

Now let me tell another thing about the Colchians to show how they resemble the Egyptians:--they alone work flax in the same fashion as the Egyptians, and the two nations are like one another in their whole manner of living and also in their language: now the linen of Colchis is called by the Hellenes Sardonic, whereas that from Egypt is called Egyptian.

The pillars which Sesostris king of Egypt set up in the various countries are for the most part no longer to be seen extant; but in Syria Palestine I myself saw them existing with the inscription upon them which I have mentioned and the emblem.

Moreover in Ionia there are two figures of this man carved upon rocks, one on the road by which one goes from the land of Ephesos to Phocaia, and the other on the road from Sardis to Smyrna. In each place there is a figure of a man cut in the rock, of four cubits and a span in height, holding in his right hand a spear and in his left a bow and arrows, and the other equipment which he has is similar to this, for it is both Egyptian and Ethiopian: and from the one shoulder to the other across the breast runs an inscription carved in sacred Egyptian characters, saying thus, "This land with my shoulders I won for myself."

But who he is and from whence, he does not declare in these places, though in other places he had declared this. Some of those who have seen these carvings conjecture that the figure is that of Memnon, but herein they are very far from the truth.

As this Egyptian Sesostris was returning and bringing back many men of the nations whose lands he had subdued, when he came (said the priests) to Daphnai in the district of Pelusion on his journey home, his brother to whom Sesostris had entrusted the charge of Egypt invited him and with him his sons to a feast; and then he piled the house round with brushwood and set it on fire.

And Sesostris when he discovered this forthwith took counsel with his wife, for he was bringing with him (they said) his wife also; and she counselled him to lay out upon the pyre two of his sons, which were six in number, and so to make a bridge over the burning mass, and that they passing over their bodies should thus escape. This, they said, Sesostris did, and two of his sons were burnt to death in this manner, but the rest got away safe with their father.

Then Sesostris, having returned to Egypt and having taken vengeance on his brother employed the multitude which he had brought in of those who whose lands he had subdued, as follows: --these were they drew the stones which in the reign of this king were brought to the temple of Hephaistos, being of very good size; and also these were compelled to dig all the channels which now are in Egypt; and thus (having no such purpose) they caused Egypt, which before was all fit for riding and driving, to be no longer fit for this from thenceforth: for from that time forward Egypt, though it is plain land, has become all unfit for riding and driving, and the cause has been these channels, which are many and run in all directions.

But the reason why the king cut up the land was this, namely because those of the Egyptians who had their cities not on the river but in the middle of the country, being in want of water when the river went down from them, found their drink brackish because they had it from wells. For this reason Egypt was cut up: and they said that this king distributed the land to all the Egyptians, giving an equal square portion to each man, and from this he made his revenue, having appointed them to pay a certain rent every year: and if the river should take away anything from any man's portion, he would come to the king and declare that which had happened, and the king used to send men to examine and to find out by measurement how much less the piece of land had become, in order that for the future the man might pay less, in proportion to the rent appointed: and I think that thus the art of geometry was found out and afterwards came into Hellas also.

For as touching the sun-dial and the gnomon and the twelve divisions of the day, they were learnt by the Hellenes from the Babylonians. He moreover alone of all the Egyptian kings had rule over Ethiopia; and he left as memorials of himself in front of the temple of Hephaistos two stone statues of thirty cubits each, representing himself and his wife, and others of twenty cubits each representing his four sons: and long afterwards the priest of Hephaistos refused to permit Dareios the Persian to set up a statue of himself in front of them, saying that deeds had not been done by him equal to those which were done by Sesostris the Egyptian.

Sesostris had subdued other nations besides, not fewer than he, and also the Scythians; but Dareios had not been able to conquer the Scythians: wherefore it was not just that he should set up a statue in front of those which Sesostris had dedicated, if he did not surpass him in his deeds. Which speech, they say, Dareios took in good part.

OSIRIS - Excerpts from the Book of the Dead

2010-07-16T10:23:00.000-07:00

Excerpts from the Book of the Dead :

Osiris, had well over 200 divine names, including Lord of Lords, King of Kings, God of Gods, Resurrection and the Life, Good Shepherd, Eternity and Everlastingness, the god who "made men and women to be born again."

"In ancient Egypt there were originally several gods known by the name Horus, but the best known and most important from the beginning of the historic period was the son of Osiris and Isis who was identified with the king of Egypt.

According to myth, Osiris, who assumed the rulership of the earth shortly after its creation, was slain by his jealous brother, Seth. The sister- wife of Osiris, Isis, who collected the pieces of her dismembered husband and revived him, also conceived his son and avenger, Horus.

Horus fought with Seth, and, despite the loss of one eye in the contest, was successful in avenging the death of his father and in becoming his legitimate successor. Osiris then became king of the dead and Horus king of the living, this transfer being renewed at every change of earthly rule.

The myth of divine kingship probably elevated the position of the god as much as it did that of the king. In the fourth dynasty, the king, the living god, may have been one of the greatest gods as well, but by the fifth dynasty the supremacy of the cult of Re, the sun god, was accepted even by the kings. The Horus-king was now also "son of Re."

This was made possible mythologically by personifying the entire older genealogy of Horus (the Heliopolitan ennead) as the goddess Hathor, "house of Horus," who was also the spouse of Re and mother of Horus.

Mourners at the tomb of Re-Mose, who was a Vizier under Amenophis III.

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The ritual of the opening of the mouth done by a member of the family 70 days after death.

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Had well over 200 divine names, including Lord of Lords, King of Kings, God of Gods, Resurrection and the Life, Good Shepherd, Eternity and Everlastingness, the god who "made men and women to be born again."

Was a devoured Host. His flesh was eaten in the form of communion cakes of wheat, the 'plant of Truth'.

The 23rd Psalm copied an Egyptian text appealing to Osiris the Good Shepherd to lead the deceased to the 'green pastures' and 'still waters' of the nefer-nefer land, to restore the soul and body, and to give protection in the valley of the shadow of death...

The Lord's Prayer was prefigured by an Egyptian hymn to Osiris-Amen beginning, 'O Amen, O Amen, who are in heaven. Amen was also invoked at the end of every prayer. (This is why we end each prayer by saying
Amen.

The teachings of Osiris and Jesus are wonderfully alike. Many passages are identically the same, word for word.

As the god of the vine, a great traveling teacher who civilized the world. Ruler and judge of the dead.

In his passion, Osiris was plotted against and killed by Set and "the 72."

Osiris' resurrection served to provide hope to all that they may do likewise and become eternal.

"The repeated formula 'Rise up, you have not died,' whether applied to Osiris or a citizen of Egypt, signaled a new, permanent life in the realm of the dead."

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the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religionAnswer for yourself:

the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religionHow much of our traditional Christianity comes from Egypt and we not know it?

OF OSIRIS ON THE BIBLE

The cult of Osiris contributed a number of ideas and phrases to the Bible.

Jesus' words, found in John 12:24

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"Except a corn of wheat fall into the ground and die, it abideth alone; but if it die, it bringeth forth much fruit"

Were taken from an Osirian doctrine that a dying man is like a corn of wheat "which falls into the earth in order to draw from its bosom a new life."' Jesus' words, recorded in

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John 14:2,

"In my Father's house are many mansions"

Came from an Osirian text telling of numerous Arits ("Mansions") in the blessed land of Father Osiris. Stories about Osiris turned up in Christian legends. Jesus' healing of a nobleman's daughter was based on a tale of an Osirian priest who cured a princesses.

Worshippers of Osiris were promised that they would rule the spirit-souls (angels) in heaven, foreshadowing St. Paul's promise to his followers that they would rule even angels (1 Corinthians 6:3).

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the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religion There were several Osirian trinities. One consisted of Osiris the father, Isis the mother, and Horus the son.

Another was Ra the father, Osiris the son on earth, and Horus the son rising in heaven. Another was ( 1 ) Ptah, "Opener of the Way," a phallic consort of the Virgin and the opener of her matrix; (2) Seker, representing the male spent, dead, and hidden within the female tomb-womb; and (3) Osiris, newly incarnate as the Min-phallus and standing for resurrection.

The sacred lunar numbers seven, fourteen, and twenty-eight were prominent in Osiris' cult. The lunar cycle of twenty-eight days corresponded to his descent into the underworld and ascent to heaven: fourteen days each way, or fourteen steps on his mystic Ladder.

Buddha's ladder of descent to earth and return to heaven also had fourteen steps. Like Buddha and Osiris, the Tibetan sage is still supposed to pass fourteen days in the after-world before encountering enlightenment in the form of "the mandala of the animal-headed deities," reminiscent of the Egyptian gods.

We are beginning to see how even Osiris influenced Buddhism.

Some of these deities were named Heruka, a possible cognate of Osiris the sun, Heru-Harakhti.

the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religionLike Hindu sacred dramas, the cycle of Osirian drama seems to have been keyed to the menstrual cycle of the Goddess, incarnate in the priestess who bore the title of Divine Mother. In the month of Athyr (Hathor), Egyptian women made clay phalli as images of Osiris and threw them into the Nile when it "turned to blood" in flood time.

This custom recalled the Oriental conviction that the Goddess must be menstruating at the time of her sacred marriage to the dying god. Later accounts explained Osirian lunar numbers by saying he was 28 years old at the time of his passion, or else that it took place in the 28th year of his reign on earth.

As Lord of Death, Osiris was sometimes identified with the Great Serpent of the underworld, and sometimes painted in the same serpentine form, bent around so his toes touched his head. In Ptolemaic times the whole underworld became Osiris's province, its seven halls collectively called the House of Osiris.

the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religionBetween 1450 and 1400 B.C.E. the Osirian mystery-cult took form, with hundreds of verbal formulae for making the worshipper become an Osiris.

He would be born of Isis and nursed by Nephthys. He would ride across the sky "side by side with the gods of the stars." He would be as virile as Osiris-Menu: "My palm tree (penis) standeth upright and is like Menu....

Therefore the Phallus of Ra, which is the head of Osiris, shall not be swallowed up." When he was in heaven, the gods themselves would bring offerings to him.

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the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religion
The Osirian Mysteries taught words of power for bringing about these desirable effects. Such words of power were "keys" to heaven, to be concealed from non-initiates as "a great mystery."

The Saite Recension said with such keys, a soul could pass freely through the gates, gatekeepers, guardians, heralds, inspectors, and other spirits of the heavenly mansions, for he would know all their names.

And the Majesty of Anpu shall say unto me, "Knowest thou the name of this door and canst thou tell it?" . . . And the Majesty of the god Anpu shall say unto me, "Knowest thou the name of the upper leaf, and the name of the lower leaf?" On receiving the proper answers, the Majesty of the god Anpu shall say, "Pass on, for thou host knowledge, O Osiris."

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the origin of the savior god: osiris and egyptian religion

Important for our study into the similarities of Christianity is the fact that during the first century B.C. the Osirian religion was established in all parts of the Roman Empire.

Its popularity declined in the end because it became too complicated for the average mind. Necessary "words of power" developed into lengthy catechisms of divine names of doorposts, lintels, bolts, panels, doorkeepers, spirits of the hour, thresholds, gods' right and left feet, etc.

Egyptians invented even a memory-god to bring back the spells and holy names if they were stolen by a spirit of forgetfulness. The important ceremony of "Opening the Mouth" was performed to let the dead person speak charms and words of power freely. Still, the catechisms became too long and complex to be remembered.

Osiris Book of the Dead:

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CHAPTER 167 - Formula to bring forth the sacred eye of Re by the soul of N.:

The text that Kha-em-Ouast, (the son of Ramses II) found in a holy book, (west of Memphis), is more valuable than any vases of treasure. It had been made in the portal of fire.
The Book of 'The One whose nature is mysterious(!)', found by Amenhotep son of Hapou, gave protection to all his family…

O (Amon), the bull of fire, who makes the stones explode with his fiery breath; the god whose shape is hidden, whose image is secret, the one in the Douat who conceals mysteries and controls the entire earth, there is nothing that exists without your knowledge. I am one of your descendents………..
O, One whose eye is a flame which protects him against the gods; he hides during the day from his enemies in his great disk of fire. Great Soul, the god of the rising of the sun, resplendent, your two sacred eyes are the mysterious solar disk, which is transformed on the horizon of the sky, ruling it for ever.

CHAPTER 168 - Worship of Osiris by the soul of Osiris N:

Rise up Osiris, soul of Re that gave back your form,
Rise up, those in the sanctuary, Re will lead you toward your boat.
Rise up Osiris, whose heart beats no more, and who praises Re.
Rise up Amon, whose body is hidden, (the eldest son of Re).
Rise up Osiris! Re offers you his hands and Ptah protects you.
Rise up Osiris, your two sisters Isis and Nephtys prostrate themselves before you.
Rise up, the one whose mysteries are hidden; who illuminates the Douat with the light of his eyes.
Rise up Orion, master of life! Your son Horus gives you his scepter Djam.
Rise up child Khepri, the offspring of Nout and Re.
Rise up Thou rich in adornments! Temples contain your hidden picture.
Rise up eldest of elders, the great, victorious Osiris! Maat is with you; Isis is your protection.
Rise up, god of many forms! The earth has your image and your mummy, and the sky is filled with your divine soul-star.
Rise up, O Eternal One who surrounds the earth…… All beings are cradled in your arms…

CHAPTER 170 - The words to say to salute the soul of Osiris N.:

Thot himself comes to you bearing the Book of holy words; he raises his hand towards the horizon, towards the place that your Ka desires. He did this for Osiris on the night that he departed his life.

Ah! Osiris N., Atoum, the father of the gods has been established firmly for all eternity.
Ah! Osiris N. you are a god who was undergone many transformations; your form is perfect, (more so than that of the gods). Your radiance is greater than that of those in bliss; your power is greater than that of the dead.
Ah Osiris N., 'Ptah-who is above-the-wall' raises you to a place higher than that of the gods.
Ah! Osiris N., you are Horus, the son of Osiris, who gave birth to Ptah, who was created by Nout.
You shine like Re on the horizon when he lights up the two countries of his beauty. All the gods say "Welcome, come see your spiritual wealth in the land of eternity ".
(Osiris N.) I am the heir to the heavens, the companion of He who created light.

CHAPTER 172 - The way to transfiguration in the empire of the dead:

I am pure, and pure are the works of praise which come forth from my mouth.
The soul of Osiris N. is very beautiful. Ptah and all the gods praise him, and each goddess says:

your beauty is like the pillar of Ptah in its perfection.
Ah, yes, you have been put down! You put on the garment and took off the garment. You were one of the objects of the fishing and hunting parties at the Great Castle. When you mounted upon ORION, Nout welcomed you into his arms.

ORION, (The son of Re), and Nout (who brought the gods into the world) speak thus to one another.

On the great day when he will be glorified, N. will be on the lips of all children. Rise up, N. and hear your praises

CHAPTER 173 - Horus salutes his father Osiris. Many praises to Osiris by N.

I adore you, lord of the gods. The one and only God, who lives in the truth; this is your son Horus.
I bring true sayings to your Ennead, so that I may be among your true devotees.
Osiris, I am your son, come to glorify your soul, and to give you even more power.

Extracts from the Book of the Dead - additionnal chapters

CHAPTER 174 - The words to allow the spirit of Akh to leave the great door of the heavens:

The words of Anubis: Oh, One and Only true God, who has no equal; whose sacred eyes let you see all, and whose ears hear everything, express the symbols of life-force, as did Nefertoum. You, who knows the thoughts of the unhappy men in his heart and responds to their call, (as in the chapel at Karrak, where he was called "He who replies to the unfortunate."

CHAPTER 175 - Words to ensure one does not die again.

Words of Osiris N.:Oh, Atoum, why must I go into the desert, and live without water or air? It is so dark there and seems endless; (Periods of disorder at Herackeopolis). Atoum replies:

You shall live there in bliss; there one lives in glory and has no need of water, air, bread nor beer.I will see the face of the Master of all; but how long will my life last there?Your life will be millions of years long and this land will return to the state of Noun, to the floods which were there at the beginning. I shall destroy everything I have created.

When I am transformed again into a snake, (which men cannot see), I shall stay beside Osiris. I have performed many beautiful acts for Osiris, more than for any other God. I gave him the desert region of the necropoli. I prepared his place in the "barque of the people", and I made his son Horus the heir to throne in the island of flames.- But will the soul of his wicked brother, Seth, (the symbol of evil), be sent to the West, unlike all the other gods? Atoum replies " :

I have arranged for his soul to remain a prisoner in his barque, so that the divine body will be protected" The sound of praise spreads out over Herackeopolis.Osiris appears as Re, (having inherited the throne). Osiris says to Atoum: Oh, Lord of All, let the people, the blessed and the dead come to me, after you have given them fear and respect for my prestige, and let them fear Seth no more.

"You have done very well, better than any other. Osiris replies:I have done it by means of the WORDS that came from my mouth.

Extracts from the Book of the Dead - additionnal chapters

CHAPTER 180 - Formula to restore souls to life :

Words said by N.:

"Oh Re who lives in Osiris" in all his glorious manifestations of the blissful gods of the west. The one form of the mystery of the Douat, the holy soul of the west.

Your face is serene, Oh indweller of the Douat!

Your son Horus is content with you and you have made him appear in glory to the inhabitants of the Douat as a great star, which belongs to the Douat and passes into the son of Re, the descendent of Atoum.

Mourners scream for you, they hit their hands and moan, but you, your soul exults and your body is glorious…

Oh Osiris, you made me appear as a great star that brings all its wealth to the Douat. I have power over the darkness and I enter there, and leave. I have strengthened the scepter-djam of Orion and the headpiece of The One whose name is secret.

I am the heir of Osiris who received his headpiece in the Douat. I am the successor of Re, and I am the mysterious pheonix. I am the one that travels the lower sky, following Re. I judge like Thot, I go with my heart filled with the dignity of 'The One whose possessions are Secret' in my appearances as the double god.

CHAPTER 181 - Formula to enter into the divine assembly of Osiris:

Words said by the soul of N. : I salute you Osiris, who presides over the west; you appeared in glory as Re. He came to see you, being delighted with your beauty,:
his solar disk is YOUR solar disk,

his rays are your rays,

his forms are your forms

his beauty is your beauty;

his knowledge is your knowledge

- I greet you Osiris, son of Nout, for whom Atoum created prestige in the hearts of men, of gods, of the blessed, and to whom has been given the scepter of Heliopolis and many transformations.

You are the possessor of great renown in the divine palace at Abydos, striking fear throughout the earth. Prince of the gods of the Douat, governor of the living, king of the dead, whom thousands (of souls) glorify at Kher-aha.

Your sisters Ises and Nephthys come to you to fill your heart. With love for you they will enclose everything in their arms and reunite for you all the gods and the kas. They will adore you eternally...

Extracts from the Book of the Dead - additionnal chapters

CHAPTER 182 - Formula to make the heart beat, that beats no more:
I am Thot, the excellent scribe with unblemished hands, the one that chases away pain and writes only the truth; I protect the Master of the universe.

I am in charge of the laws which were written to govern the two banks (of the Nile)… I am Lord of precision, the impartial witness of gods, who gives importance to the word so that it is venerated.

I proclaim just the voice which is silenced. I make Re rest in Osiris, and Osiris in Re…I am Thot, the one who announces the dawn, who has a perfect vision of the future.

I am Thot, who directs the sky, the earth and the Douat, and created human life.
I salute you, chief of the gods of the West, who redirects human beings back into the world, and they return rejuvenated.

They are more beautiful than before…
After being justified by Osiris N. : you are living, renewed, rejuvenated, just as is Re every day!

CHAPTER 183 - Homage of Osiris N. to the great Osiris :
He says: I come to you, Osiris, son of Nout, who governs over eternity. I am the descendent of Thot, who brought you soft breezes, life and lets your beautiful face prevail. The north wind comes to you from Atoum, O Master of the sacred Country. He made the solar light shine on you and it has illumined for you the path of darkness.
Oh Osiris, your son Horus was proclaimed just before the Ennead, earthly royalty was given to him, and his ureus, was the entire earth.
The throne of Geb was assigned to him and the exalted duty of Atoum was written on a block of quartzite, according to the order of your father Ptah-Tatenen, who is on the great throne…
Happy are those who respect the God (Osiris) who is at Abydos, in the original nome.
I come to you, my hands bearing the truth, with a heart empty of lies and falsehood. I come before Maat because I know that I did not commit any injustices in this land, I have not injured anyone.
I am Thot, the Master of exactitude, who asserts the rights of those whose voice has been silenced. I am the protector of the weak and of those who suffer.

CHAPTER 192 - All Glory to Osiris :

Oh Osiris N. , alive again; rejuvenated, there is nothing amiss where ever you go… You come with the day, you love the light and god comes to rest where you are.

The Dual doors of the other world are open for you; the doors of the Hidden Kingdom are broken down for you. The doormen rejoice at your coming and say:

Enter, well favored one, and leave here well beloved… The blameless glorify you and those who are in the kingdom accompany you, Oh Osiris that rules over the west, Osiris N.,

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Characteristics Of HORUS And JESUS

2010-07-04T15:29:00.000-07:00

On the banks of the river Nile are observed the ruins of the temple of Philae, which structure, it is said, represents the most ancient style of architecture.

Within these ruins is to be seen an inner chamber in which are depicted the birth scenes of the child god Horus, and, indeed, everywhere among the monuments and ruins of Egypt, is plainly visible the fact that the creative power and functions in human beings, in animals, and in vegetable life, together with Wisdom, once constituted the god-idea.

The Goddess Disa or Isa of the North, as delineated on the sacred drums of the Laplanders, was accompanied by a child similar to the Horus of the Egyptians.[29] It is observed also that the ancient Muscovites worshipped a sacred group composed of a mother and her children, probably a representation of the Egyptian Isis and her offspring, or at least of the once universal idea of the Deity.

If you are thinking that it means Horus was killed by crucifixion, being thrown down to the ground and nailed to a cross, then the claim is wrong. But if you understand that "crucify" can simply mean "to affix to a cross," then the claim is correct, because Horus was both associated with and identified as a cross in ancient times.

He was also placed on the cross of the vernal equinox, between two "thieves," no less.
That would make his story even more like that of Jesus Christ, who purportedly lived after these myths were created.

The cross was a very popular symbol long before the Christian era and that Horus was one of many pre-Christian gods and goddesses who are depicted on a cross or in cruciform. These facts mean that Jesus Christ''s placement on the cross is not unique in religious and mythological iconography.

The Cross in Egypt ? The Ankh ?
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Was a very sacred symbol of eternal life that can be found on countless artifacts.
The Egyptians were a very religious people, and they took their faith as seriously as people do today.

Jesus was referred to as the chief cornerstone (i.e., capstone) - a reference to an Egyptian pyramid. The chief cornerstone of the pyramid is same symbol for Horus, the Egyptian god and savior. Like the Egyptian pharoah, Jesus was called a shepherd who rules the nations with a staff.

Horus was a popular Egyptian god who was the son of Osiris and Isis. Osiris and Horus were both solar deities. Osiris was the setting sun, Horus the rising sun. Jesus is the rising Son and the morning star. The pharoah was considered to be an incarnation of Horus (also known as "Amen-Ra," the sun god).

In the same way, Jesus is considered to be the incarnation of his heavenly Father. Horus was the lamb of God who took away the sins of the world. Horus had an adversary named "Set". Jesus' adversary was "Satan".

The story of Horus can be found in "The Egyptian Book of the Dead (also known as the "Papyrus of Ani") written over 3,000 years before the birth of Christ.

It is written that both Horus and Jesus existed before their incarnations.
Horus was born of the virgin Isis on December 25th in a cave/manger
Horus' birth was announced by a star in the East and attended by three wise men.

The infant Horus was carried out of Egypt to escape the wrath of Typhon/Seth. The infant Jesus was carried into Egypt to escape the wrath of Herod. Concerning the infant Jesus, the New Testament states the following prophecy: "Out of Egypt have I called my son." (Matt. 2:15)

Horus's personal epithet was "Iusa," the "ever-becoming son" of "Ptah," the "Father."

The adoration of the Virgin and Child is connected with both the adoration of Isis and the infant Horus and the adoration of Mary and infant Jesus. In the catacombs at Rome are pictures of the baby Horus being held by the virgin mother Isis, the original "Madonna and Child."

Concerning the writing of the Gnostics, C. W. King, a noted English author, says: "To this period belongs a beautiful sard in my collection, representing Serapis,...whilst before him stands Isis, holding in one hand the sistrum, in the other a wheatsheaf, with the legend: 'Immaculate is our lady Isis,' the very term applied afterwards to that personage who succeeded to her form, her symbols, rites, and ceremonies" (Gnostics and Their Remains, p. 71).

Osiris, Isis, and Horus are the principal trinity of the Egyptian religions.

God the Father, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Spirit is the Christian trinity.

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Dr. Inman affirms the Egyptian roots of the Christian trinity "The Christian trinity is of Egyptian origin, and is as surely a pagan doctrine as the belief in heaven and hell, the existence of a devil, of archangels, angels, spirits and saints, martyrs and virgins, intercessors in heaven, gods and demigods, and other forms of faith which deface the greater part of modern religions" (Ancient Pagan and Modem Christian Symbolism, p. 13).

Dr. Draper says: "For thirty centuries the Egyptians had been familiar with the conception of a triune God. There was hardly a city of any note without its particular triads. Here it was Amum, Maut, and Khonso; there Osiris, Isis, and Horus" (Intellectual Development, Vol. I, p. 191).

Dr. Draper stated: "Views of the Trinity, in accordance with Egyptian tradition, were established. Not only was the adoration of Isis under a new name restored, but even her image standing on the crescent moon reappeared. The well-known effigy of that goddess, with the infant Horus in her arms, has descended to our days in the beautiful artistic creations of the Madonna and Child." (Conflict, p. 48).

There are two stories connected with Horus that is analogous to stories found in the Old Testament. The hiding of the infant Horus in a marsh by his mother undoubtedly parallels the story of the hiding of the infant Moses in a marsh by his mother.

When Horus died, Isis implored Ra, the sun, to restore him to life. Ra stopped his ship in mid-heaven and sent down Thoth, the moon, to bring him back to life. The stopping of the sun and moon by Isis recalls the myth of the stopping of the sun and moon by Joshua.

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"Osiris, I am your son, come to glorify your soul, and to give you even more power."
- Horus, (Book of the Dead, Ch. 173)

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"Now is the Son of Man glorified and God is glorified in him. If God is glorified in him, God will glorify the Son in himself, and will glorify him at once."
- Jesus, (John 13:31-32)

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Comparison of some life events of Horus and Jesus:

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Event	Horus	Yeshua of Nazareth, a.k.a. Jesus
Conception:	By a virgin. Isis	By a virgin. ₃
Father:	Only begotten son of the God Osiris.	Only begotten son of Yehovah (in the form of the Holy Spirit).
Mother:	Isis-Meri. ₄	Miriam (now often referred to as Mary).
Foster father:	Seb, (a.k.a. Jo-Seph). ₄	Joseph.
Foster father's ancestry:	Of royal descent.	Of royal descent.
Birth location:	In a cave.	In a cave or stable.
Annunciation:	By an angel to Isis, his mother.	By an angel to Miriam, his mother. ₃
Birth heralded by:	The star Sirius, the morning star.	An unidentified "star in the East."
Birth date:	Ancient Egyptians paraded a manger and child representing Horus through the streets at the time of the winter solstice (about DEC-21).	Born during the fall. However, his birth date is now celebrated on DEC-25. The date was chosen to occur on the same date as the birth of Mithra, Dionysus and the Sol Invictus (unconquerable Sun), etc.
Birth announcement:	By angels.	By angels. ₃
Birth witnesses:	Shepherds.	Shepherds. ₃
Later witnesses to birth:	Three solar deities.	An unknown number of wise men. ₃ They are said to have brought three gifts; thus the legend grew that there were three men.
Death threat during infancy:	Herut tried to have Horus murdered.	Herod tried to have Jesus murdered.
Handling the threat:	The God That tells Horus' mother "Come, thou goddess Isis, hide thyself with thy child."	An angel tells Jesus' father to: "Arise and take the young child and his mother and flee into Egypt."
Rite of passage ritual:	Horus came of age with a special ritual, when his eye was restored.	Taken by parents to the temple for what is today called a bar mitzvah ritual.
Age at the ritual:	12	12
Break in life history:	No data between ages of 12 & 30.	No data between ages of 12 & 30.
Baptism location:	In the river Eridanus.	In the river Jordan.
Age at baptism:	30.	30.
Baptized by:	Anup the Baptiser.	John the Baptist, a.k.a. John the Baptist.
Subsequent fate of the baptiser:	Beheaded.	Beheaded.

Comparison of some additional life events of Horus and Jesus:

Event	Horus	Yeshua of Nazareth, a.k.a. Jesus
Temptation:	Taken from the desert of Amenta up a high mountain by his arch-rival Sut. Sut (a.k.a. Set) was a precursor for the Hebrew Satan.	Taken from the desert in Palestine up a high mountain by his arch-rival Satan.
Result of temptation:	Horus resists temptation.	Jesus resists temptation.
Close followers:	Twelve disciples. There is some doubt about this matter as well.	Twelve disciples.
Activities:	Walked on water, cast out demons, healed the sick, restored sight to the blind. He "stilled the sea by his power."	Walked on water, cast out demons, healed the sick, restored sight to the blind. He ordered the sea with a "Peace, be still" command.
Raising of the dead:	Horus raised Osirus, his dead father, from the grave. ₁	Jesus raised Lazarus, his close friend, from the grave.
Location where the resurrection miracle occurred:	Anu, an Egyptian city where the rites of the death, burial and resurrection of Horus were enacted annually. ₁	Hebrews added their prefix for house ('beth") to "Anu" to produce "Beth-Anu" or the "House of Anu." Since "u" and "y" were interchangeable in antiquity, "Bethanu" became "Bethany," the location mentioned in John 11.
Linkage between the name of Osirus in Egyptian religion and Lazarus in the Gospel of John:	Asar was an alternative name for Osirus, Horus' father. Horus raised Asar from the dead. He was referred to as "the Asar," as a sign of respect.	Translated into Hebrew, Asr is "El-Asar." The Romans added the prefix "us" to indicate a male name, producing "Elasarus." Over time, the "E" was dropped and "s" became "z," producing "Lazarus." ₁ Jesus is said to have raised his friend Lazarus from the dead.
Transfigured:	On a mountain.	On a high mountain.
Key address(es):	Sermon on the Mount.	Sermon on the Mount (Matthew 5 to 7); Sermon on the Plain (Luke 6:17-49).
Method of death	By crucifixion or by the sting of a scorpion; sources differ. ₂ See note above.	By crucifixion.
Accompanied by:	Two thieves.	Two thieves.
Burial	In a tomb.	In a tomb.
Fate after death:	Descended into Hell; resurrected after three days.	Descended into Hell; resurrected after about 30 to 38 hours (Friday PM to presumably some time in Sunday AM) covering parts of three days.
Resurrection announced by:	Women.	Women.
Future:	To reign for 1,000 years in the Millennium.	To reign for 1,000 years in the Millennium.

Comparison of some characteristics of Horus and Jesus:

Characteristics	Horus	Yeshua of Nazareth, a.k.a. Jesus
Nature:	Regarded as a mythical character.	Regarded as a 1st century CE human prophet by Jewish Christians. Viewed as a man-god in the Gospel of John, and by Christians in the 2nd century CE and later.
Main role:	Savior of humanity.	Savior of humanity.
Status:	God-man.	God-man.
Common portrayal:	Virgin Isis holding the infant Horus.	Virgin Mary holding the infant Jesus.
Title:	KRST, the anointed one.	Christ, the anointed one.
Other names:	The good shepherd, the lamb of God, the bread of life, the son of man, the Word, the fisher, the winnower.	The good shepherd, the lamb of God, the bread of life, the son of man, the Word, the fisher, the winnower.
Zodiac sign:	Associated with Pisces, the fish.	Associated with Pisces, the fish.
Main symbols:	Fish, beetle, the vine, shepherd's crook.	Fish, beetle, the vine, the shepherd's crook.

Comparison of some teachings of Horus and Jesus:

Characteristics

Horus

Yeshua of Nazareth, a.k.a. Jesus

Criteria for salvation at the time of judgment

"I have given bread to the hungry man and water to the thirsty man and clothing to the naked person and a boat to the shipwrecked mariner." ₃

"For I was an hungred, and ye gave me meat: I was thirsty, and ye gave me drink: I was a stranger, and ye took me in: Naked, and ye clothed me..." Matthew 25:35-36 (KJV).

"I am" statements

	"I am Horus in glory...I am the Lord of Light...I am the victorious one...I am the heir of endless time...I, even I, am he that knoweth the paths of heaven." ₄
	"I am Horus, the Prince of Eternity."
	"I am Horus who stepeth onward through eternity...Eternity and everlastingness is my name."
	"I am the possessor of bread in Anu. I have bread in heaven with Ra."

	"I am the light of the world....I am the way, the truth and the life."
	"Before Abraham was, I am"
	"Jesus Christ, the same yesterday, and today and forever."
	"I am the living bread that came down from heaven."

(All from the Gospel of John)

Jesus was symbolized by a ( bird) - The Dove.

Haru was symbolized by a (bird) - The Falcon.

Aset (Isis) and her sister Nephthys searched for The Pisces to Asaru's (Osiris') body which Sutukh had chopped into 14 pieces and threw in the Nile.

Aset with her magic along with the neteru Anubu (Anubis) Resurrected Asaru (Osiris).

This is directly related to Mary Magdalene and her sister who searched for the body of Jesus only to find, according to the recording, he had resurrected. (Mathew 28, Mark 16, Luke 24).

As stated before, the concept surrounding "The Birth Of Jesus" is an Egyptian (KMT) concept. To clarify, The Jesus of the Bible, came from the Egyptian Haru (Horus). Thus, Christianity came from various stories from Egypt.

The birth place of the Egyptian Messiah at the Vernal Equinox was figured in "Apt", or "Apta", which means - "The Corner" or Apt" which is said to be the name of the Great Mother; Apta is also the name of the "Crib", and "Manger", or "Womb".

Where the child was said to be born in a Manger, It is the hieroglyphic sign of the "Solar Birth Place".

Thus the Kemetians, exhibited the baby in the crib through the streets of Alexandria.The birthplace was indicated by The Great Circle in the Celestial Sphere, the Equinox.

As it passed from sign to sign , it was pointed out by the star from the east. When the birth place was in the sign of the bull, Orion was the star that rose in the east. To show where the young sun-god was re-born.

THE THREE STARS OF ORION

WERE SYMBOLIC OF THE THREE KINGS

Hence it is called "The Star of Horus." That was then the star that greeted the three (3) Kings ,it is still the name of the three (3) stars in Orion's Belt.

Here we learn the legend of the three (3) King's, is at least 6000 years old.

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SUN WORSHIP

Female and Male Energies in the Sun.

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CLOCKWISE FROM TOP LEFT:

Taperet praying to the sun at its zenith, and also to the setting sun
Akhenaten and Nefertiti worshipping Aten the sun god Aten
Aten
Akhenaten and Nefertiti

Gilgamesh is awesome to perfection.
It was he who opened the mountain passes,
who dug wells on the flank of the mountain.
It was he who crossed the ocean, the vast seas, to the rising sun,
who explored the world regions, seeking life.
From The Epic of Gilgamesh

"Oh Sun, thou hast made the heavens that thou may rise therein..."

- Akhenaten's Hymn

The term "Sun Worship" is an ignorant and short-sighted term the European Egyptologists use for the reverence of the Invisible God - in which the sun was his major celestial representation.

The most renowned writers who have dealt with this subject agree in the conclusion that, during thousands of years among all the nations of the earth, only one God was worshipped. This God was Light and Life, both of which proceeded from the sun, or more properly speaking were symbolized by the sun.

In Egyptian hymns the Creator is invoked as the being who "dwells concealed in the sun"; and Greek writers speak of this luminary as the "generator and nourisher of all things, the ruler of the world." It is thought, however, that neither of these nations worshipped the corporeal sun.

It was the "centre or body from which the pervading spirit, the original producer of order, fertility, and organization, continued to emanate to preserve the mighty structure which it had formed."
It is evident that at an early age, both in Egypt and in India, spiritualized conceptions of sun-worship had already been formed.

In the Egyptian as in the Indian and Hebrew religions, the two generating principles throughout Nature represent the Infinite, the Holy of Holies, the Elohim or Aleim--the Ieue.

Within the records of the earliest religions of Ethiopia or Arabia, Chaldea, Assyria, and Babylonia, is revealed the same monad principle in the Deity. This monad conception, or dual unity, this God of Light and Life, or of Wisdom and generative force, is the same source whence all mythologies have sprung, and, as has been stated, among all peoples the fact is observed that the religious idea has followed substantially the same course of development, or growth.

Within the sacred writings of the Hindoos there is but one Almighty Power, usually denominated as Brahm or Brahme-- Om or Aum. This word in India was regarded with the same degree of veneration as was the sacred Ieue of the Jews.

In later ages, the fact is being proved that this God, into whom all the deities worshipped at a certain period in human history resolve themselves, is the sun, or if not the actual corporeal sun, then the supreme agency within it which was acknowledged as the great creative or life-force-- that dual principle which by the early races was recognized as Elohim, Om, Ormuzd, etc., and from which the productive power in human beings, in plants, and in animals was thought to emanate.

Originally in Chaldea and in Egypt, only one supreme God was worshipped. This Deity was figured by a mother and her child, as was the great Chinese God. It comprehended the universe and all the attributes of the Deity.

It was worshipped thousands of years prior to the birth of Mary, the Mother of Christ, and representations of it are still extant, not only in oriental lands, but in many countries of Europe.

Within the oldest temples of Egypt are still to be observed sacred apartments which contain the "Holy of Holies," and to which, in past ages, none might gain access but priests and priestesses of the highest order. Within these apartments are pictured the mysteries of birth, together with the symbols of generation emblems of procreation.

Emerald Tablet, The--as related to Alchemy

True, without deceit, certain and most true.
What is above, is like what is below, and what is above is like that which is below, for the performing of marvels of the one thing.
And as all things were from one thing, by the mediation of one thing: so all things are born of this one thing, by adaptation.
Its father is the Sun, its mother is the Moon; the wind carried it in its belly; its nurse is the Earth.
This is the father of all perfection of the whole world.
Its power is integral, if it be turned into earth.
You shall separate the earth from the fire, the subtle from the gross, smoothly and with cleverness.
It ascends from the earth into the heaven, and again descends into the earth and receives the power of the superiors and inferiors. So thus you will have the glory of the whole world. So shall all obscurity flee from thee.
This is the strong fortitude of all fortitude: because it will overcome every subtle thing and penetrate every solid.
Thus was the earth created.
Hence will there be marvelous adaptations, of which this is the means.
And so I am called Hermes Trismegistus, ( Tehuti - Thoth) having three parts of the Philosophy of the whole world.
What I have said concerning the operation of the Sun is finished.

The ancient Egyptians regarded Thoth as One, self-begotten, and self-produced. He was the master of both physical and moral (i.e. Divine) law, making proper use of Ma'at^.

He is credited with making the calculations for the establishment of the heavens, stars, Earth, and everything in them. Compare this to how his feminine counterpart, Ma'at was the force which maintained the Universe.

He is said to direct the motions of the heavenly bodies. Without his words, the Egyptians believed, the gods would not exist.

His power was almost unlimited in the Underworld and rivaled that of Ra and Osiris.
The Egyptians credited him as the author of all works of science, religion, philosophy, and magic.

The Greeks further declared him the inventor of astronomy, astrology, the science of numbers, mathematics, geometry, land surveying, medicine, botany, theology, civilized government, the alphabet, reading, writing, and oratory. They further claimed he was the true author of every work of every branch of knowledge, human and divine.

=====================================================

The mother of Gotama Buddha was called Mai or Maya, after the month in which the Earth is arrayed in her most beautiful attire.Maya is the parent of universal Nature.

According to Davis, the mother of Mercury "is the universal genius of Nature which discriminated all things according to their various kinds of species," the same as was Muth of Egypt. Mai is said to mean "one who begins to illuminate." She was in fact the mother of the sun whence everything proceeds. She was matter, within which was concealed spirit.

In the representations of Montfaucon appears the Goddess Isis sitting on the lotus. Her head, upon which is a globe, is surrounded by a radiant circle which evidently represents the sun. On the reverse side is Ieu, the word "which is the usual way of the ecclesiastical authors reading the Hebrew word Jehovah."

Referring to this from Montfaucon, Godfrey Higgins observes: "Here Isis, whose veil no mortal shall ever draw aside, the celestial Virgin of the Sphere, is seated on the self-generating sacred lotus and is called Ieu or Jove."[32] She has also the mystic number 608 which stands for the Deity.

Her breasts show plainly that it is a female representation, although connected with the figure appears the male emblem to indicate that within her are contained both elements, or that the universe is embodied within the female.

Higgins thinks there is no subject on which more mistakes have been made than on that of the Goddess Isis, both by ancients and moderns. He calls attention to the inconsistency of calling her the moon when in many countries the moon is masculine. He is quite positive that if Isis is the moon, Ceres, Proserpine, Venus, and all the other female gods were the same, which in view of the facts everywhere at hand cannot be true.

It is true, however, that "the planet called the moon was dedicated to her in judicial astrology, the same as a planet was dedicated to Venus or Mars. But Venus and Mars were not these planets themselves, though these planets were sacred to them.

"Higgins then calls attention to her temple at Sais in Egypt, and to the inscription which declares that "she comprehends all that is and was and is to be," that she is "parent of the sun," and he justly concludes that Isis can not be the moon.

[33] Anacalypsis, book vi., ch. ii.

Isis, we are told, is called Myrionymus, or goddess with 10,000 names.

She is the Persian Mithra, which is the same as Buddha, Minerva, Venus, and all the rest.
Faber admits that the female principle was formerly regarded as the Soul of the World.

He says: "Isis was the same as Neith or Minerva; hence the inscription at Sais was likewise applied to that goddess. Athenagoras informs us that Neith or the Athene of the Greeks was supposed to be Wisdom passing and diffusing itself through all things. Hence it is manifest that she was thought to be the Soul of the World; for such is precisely the character sustained by that mythological personage."

Perhaps the most widely diffused and universally adored representation of the ancient female Deity in Egypt was the Virgin Neit or Neith, the Athene of the Greeks and the Minerva of the Romans. Her name signifies "I came from myself."

This Deity represents not only creative power, but abstract intelligence, Wisdom or Light. Her temple at Sais was the largest in Egypt. It was open at the top and bore the following inscription: "I am all that was and is and is to be; no mortal has lifted up my veil, and the fruit which I brought forth was the sun." She was called also Muth, the universal mother. Kings were especially honored in the title "Son of Neith."

Genesis of Egypt's Dynasties Saharan Petroglyphs

2010-06-27T10:02:00.000-07:00

Sankofa*

Egypt:
=======

Ancient Kmt didn't begin on the banks of the Nile, but in a much harsher environment. The ancestors of the pyramid builders, were not village dwelling farmers, but wandering cattle herders.

Pharaonic civilization was forged in a remote region, now one of the forbidden places on earth.
Egyptologist Toby Wilkinson, based on his own discovery in the heart of Eastern desert, between the Nile Valley and Red Sea.

Kmt's distant ancestors left a stunning legacy, that has remained hidden for 6000 years: hundred of intricate rock carvings that express Kmt's lifestyle and deepest belief system. Pharoaonic imagery such as the after life journey by boat, royal hunting, and the iconography of gods and kings all find their origins in this hospitable terrain.

Toby Wilkinsons' book - Genesis of the Pharoahs - traces the discovery of these ancient records, dates them, and identifies the artist who made them. A remarkable early period of human creativity. Discover the answer to the question of where, when and how ancient Kmt begin.
============

The Desert Speaks:
=====================
Making The Discovery:

Genesis of the Pharaohs, Toby Wilkinson shines new light on the Predynastic by demonstrating that the majority of rock drawings in the Eastern Desert of Upper Egypt date to Naqada I (c. 4000–3500 BC).

Since the petroglyphs depict wild African fauna, hunters with bows and dogs, and men herding cattle, it is clear that the now nearly lifeless region up to 100 km east of the Nile between Quft and Hierakonpolis was at this time a well-watered, well-populated, game-rich savanna. That the rock artists were not mere isolated pastoralists but also part-time Nile dwellers is evident because their works commonly include boats. This implies that the artists probably moved from river to range in seasonal cycles.

Because of this, and the fact that so many of the drawings echo subjects in later Egyptian art, Wilkinson makes a compelling case that the rock artists were the ancestors of the dynastic Egyptians. His conclusion: “the heavy reliance of these people on herding and hunting rather than agriculture suggests that their roots — and indeed the roots of Egyptian civilization — lay not so much along the Nile but in the pre-arid Sahara.”

Petroglyph - ALCHEMY WHEEL

==========================

Through The Sands Of Time:
=====================
Dating Rock Art:

Wadi Barramiya - Boat and human figure - ca. 4.000 BCE, after Wilkinson, 2003.

The deep, black darkness underneath the surface of the Nile is the great hidden secret upon which the boat navigated. This deep represented the best one could receive from the river : abundant gifts of life, prosperity and the luxury of time, the foundation of all grand cultures. However, nobody could look the Nile "in the face", for the gods never reveal the name "unknown to those below", namely the secret of the "All-Lord who sustains the shores !".

Wadi Barramiya - Flotilla of boats - ca. 4.000 BCE, after Wilkinson, 2003.

With their glyphs of barks, flotilla of barges, or procession of boats, the Predynastic Egyptians expressed the enduring quality of their mythical mindset, able to distinguish between the undifferentiated waters (or primordial origin of consciousness) and creation, while actively identifying "divine powers" (i.e. natural differentials) to move along the arrow of time and encompass the "Two Lands" by means of the river. A company of boats is hence a family of successful evolutionary histories, a metaphor of cooperation and mutual respect between the Egyptians themselves, and between their way of life and their natural environments ruled by natural differentials. This is the image of a triumph over chaos shared with all. This naturalistic and typological view on the deities was also quite original.

Wadi Abu Wasil - Hunters and a Dog trapping an Ibex - ca. 4.000 BCE, after Wilkinson, 2003.

"The scenes which appear on the Egyptian rock surfaces reveal many elements of continuity between the late Neolithic period, to which the early works belong and the long sequence of royal rule which was to follow them. Although Egyptian rock art shares traditions with both the Sahara and Arabia even at its earliest it is recognizably Egyptian, powerful and assured in technique and content."

Wadi Qash - Upper Egyptian ruler with Red Crown ? - ca. 4.000 BCE, after Wilkinson, 2003.

"The parallels between the rock art of 4000 BC and the tomb scenes of 1500 BC are indeed striking. The discovery of the boat petroglyphs faces us with two astonishing revelations. First, the familiar ancient Egyptian concept of the afterlife originated at the very dawn of civilization in the Nile Valley, among the semi-nomadic cattle-herders whose domain encompassed both valley and savannah. Second, this concept was so powerful and so resonant that it remained unchanged throughout the succeeding thirty centuries. The longevity of Egyptian culture is as ramarkable as its antiquity."

Wilkinson, 2003, p.189.

Wadi Barramiya & Funerary Boat near Kanais - ca. 4.000 BCE, after Wilkinson, 2003.

The theme of a journey by boat remained central to the Egyptian concept of the afterlife, and returned in the Pharaonic Period. Not only did Pharaohs place these sacred boats near their tombs, either in miniature form or full-size, or near the "naos" in their temples, but the theme became fundamental in the New Kingdom Books of the Netherworld and their rich iconography. These vessels accentuated the nurturing role of the Nile, and point to the spiritualization of the river, which carried the dead to the various levels of the eternal afterlife. The spiritual Nile led the deceased out of the mortal world of time, if they were deemed worthy, into the timeless eternity of the afterlife and its paradise.

6000 Year Old Petroglyphs:
===============================

Petroglyph - "ABOVE AND BELOW"

==============================

Petroglyph - STAR OF ISIS* (ASET)

-BALANCE-

=================================

Petroglyph - HOUR GLASS

=====================

Petroglyph - RESURRECTION OF CHRIST
==================================

Hunters And Herders:
================
Unmasking The Artist:

Traditional beliefs in the origins of ancient Egyptian culture say that the peoples occupying the wetter, more fertile, ancient savannahs of Egypt’s margins gradually moved into the Nile Valley as the climate dried up. It was once they had reached the valley that the culture slowly developed. What this rock art suggests is that in fact the two cultures were one and the same. The herdsmen followed the best pasture. In season they travelled up into the wadis (dried up river beds) to the fertile lands, where they carved images of their lives into the rocks under which they sheltered. They then travelled back into the Nile Valley, where they painted the same images onto pottery.

These people drew on the life around them in both the desert and the valley, for their inspiration. There are picture of warriors smiting their enemies, herdsmen with their cattle, ostriches, ibex, hippos, deities wearing feathered head-dresses, family groups, and hundreds of boats. Some of the sites have extraordinary quantities of images, some are hidden away behind rocks, some are under overhanging shelters, some are only visible at dawn, some only at sunset, but they are all a ‘written’ account of the lives of the most ancient Egyptians.

Genesis of the ‘Ka’ and Crowns

===================================

One is the question of the origin of the royal ‘ka’ and the other concerns the origin of the red and white crowns. Wilkinson presents strong evidence that Naqada I was an archetypal representative of the traditional African cattle-culture, a type of society that still exists in a remarkably pure form in the southern Sudan, despite years of civil war. Among Sudanese Nilotes, cattle are raised as symbols of wealth, as the medium for all social transactions (like marriage), and as sources of renewable food (blood and milk).

The people rarely kill cattle for meat, which they obtain by hunting wild game. Wilkinson’s overview of the evidence for Naqada I transhumance and cattle burial, coupled with his analysis of the rock art, suggests that Egyptian civilization sprang from a society of broadly similar characteristics. Cows with artificially deformed horns, so common among Nilotes today, are often featured in the early rock art of Egypt and Sudan as well as in Egyptian dynastic art (Kendall 1989, 680–88, fig. 1, 9–12). Even the historic Egyptian symbols of royal office — the crook and the flail — recall a time when the king was seen as the chief herdsman of his people.

Wilkinson draws striking parallels between elements of iconography in the rock art and Egyptian art motifs even two thousand years later in date. From this he concludes not only that these motifs must have had common meanings throughout this time span but also that the rock artists were themselves Egyptians. In one case, I think, we can push Wilkinson’s thesis even farther.

Some of the interrelated motifs of the rock art have meanings that in dynastic art were based on word-play. This not only suggests that the words were the same in the early Predynastic but also that the rock artists spoke Egyptian. This can be demonstrated by the apparent petroglyphic allusions to the word ‘ka’, one of the primary concepts of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Ironically, the earliest certain images of the white crown come not from Egypt but from Qustul in Lower Nubia, about 300 km up-river from Hierakonpolis. These images occur on two incense burners of uniquely Nubian type, which depict kings seated in archaic high-prowed boats wearing abnormally tall crowns with knobs, accompanied by bulls and Horus falcons (Williams 1980; 1986, pls. 33, 34).

They date to about 3300 BC. The same crown then appears not long afterwards in Egypt: on an unprovenienced ivory knife handle in the Metropolitian Museum and, later still, on the Scorpion mace head and Narmer palette (Wilkinson 1999, 194–5). The evidence can be interpreted several ways:

Narmer wearing the white crown. Narmer strikes down a foe. Many Egyptologists have been tempted to interpret this scene as the conquest of Lower Egypt by Narmer.

Scorpion mace head - with white crown

The Scorpion mace head portrays a mounted scorpion image, no doubt derived from the type of statuette found in the HK6 tombs.

a) The white crown was exclusively Egyptian, and it is Egyptian kings who are represented on the Qustul incense burners;

b) The white crown was used simultaneously by competing rulers in Upper Egypt and Lower Nubia; or

c) The white crown was first used in Nubia and spread northwards.
========

Rock art dating to 5000 BC corroborates what the radar equipment revealed. In Libya, Egypt, and Mali, petroglyphs depict not only grazing animals, but also aquatic life such as crocodiles. This indicates that the desert was inhabited during a time prior to 4000 BC and as far back as 8000 BC, when the climate was wet.

Egypt In Prehistory:
==============

"All the data at our disposal suggest that the process of Nilotic adaptation favoured partial sedentism and encouraged food storage. It was therefore part of the beginning of a long evolutionary process through which the people of the Nile valley embarked on the Neolithic period."

Midant-Reynes, 2000, p.59.

On the basis of the evidence to date, the majority of scholars subdivide Egypt's unwritten history (ca. 5000 - 3000 BCE) in three major phases :

The pre-Neolithic Period (ca. 7000 and earlier) : early settlers in the Nile Valley and in the western desert contributing to the historic Egyptian reality - the "process of Neolithicization" (Midant-Reynes, 2002) ;

The Neolithic Period (ca. 5000 - 4000 BCE) : the first traces of village settlement on the banks of the Nile. The crucial myths of these Nilotic cultures are dominated by Lunar ideational features. However, because of the fixed horizon, awareness of the Solar cycle, and the seasonal changes brought about by it, rose ;

The Predynastic Period (ca. 4000 BCE - 3000 BCE) : incipient stages of the centralization of power go hand in hand with the "Solarization" of the old Lunar myths. This new, fixed reference point, allows psychomorph projections of stability, authority and continuity. The enduring order of the sedentary farmer is guaranteed by sacred kingship, and the latter is engendered by the great goddess herself. The period comes to a close when the male king assimilates the sacred power of the great goddess and initiates Solar ideation.

*****

There is no room for doubt : Dynastic Egypt did not emerge "ex nihilo", but the decisive features of the Egyptian way of life (the own-form of the cultural form) we have on record are already established a millennium earlier, whereas the emergence of regional kingship (ca. 3600 BCE) builds on the managerial approach of the Badarians (ca. 4000 BCE). The great change at the beginning of history is the theo-political notion of divine kingship : Two Lands united by the incarnation of a single, re-incarnating sky-god, descending in a male body, forming a dynasty of divine kings, ruling a united state of divisions.

"The kings who crafted the Egyptian state from the competing powers of the Predynastic period succeeded in formulating a concept of rule which guaranteed an absolutely pivotal role for the monarchy. The institution of kingship was projected as the sole force which held the country together, and the dual nature of the monarchy was expressed in the king's regalia, in his titulary, and in royal rituals and festivals. This concept -the harmony of opposites, a totality embracing paired contrasts- chimes so effectively with the Egyptian world-view that the institution of kingship acquired what has been called 'transcendental significance' (Frankfort, 1948)."

Wilkinson, 2001, p.185.

The Predynastic kings of Nekhen identified with Horus, "the distant one" (did he originate in Arabia ?), the overseer with the horizon of horizons. The kings of the first dynasties (Early Dynastic Period) consolidated this major change. It also implied the cognitive leap from mythical to pre-rational organizations, from notions to pre-concepts. Aided by writing, the cultural form developed rapidly and exteriorized its "canon". This Old Kingdom canon would dominate Egyptian thought until the end. Qua contents, this multi-layered texture returned to common Predynastic themes and another, new layer, was put on the mythical foundation.

The great Moon goddess of prehistory
===========================================

In the Neolithic & Predynastic mind, at work in the mythical mode of cognition, natural cycles like the Lunar, were very entrenched. Its phases represented the divine feminine as the truly enduring part of nature outside man, and psychomorph projections on the Lunar stations were common. Cycles related to birth, growth, death & rebirth (healing), as well as plants, domestic animals and hunting were associated with this great goddess of the sacred. In Ancient Egypt, we see her appear ca. 4000 BCE.

Lunar Phases : magico-religious

========================

Her important and enduring role of the sacred feminine is confirmed by the frequent representations of female figures in late Naqada II iconography. The complex, composite nature of some of the Predynastic female deities (like Hathor, both Cow- and Sky-goddess) is a manifestation of the Upper Paleolithic and Neolithic great goddess, who combined many of the functions later assigned to other deities. The crucial role of the sacred feminine persisted though, but when history dawned, the great goddess had lost her dominant position. She did not disappear. This is demonstrated by the prominent role played by goddesses in the later pantheon, by the equal status women enjoyed in Early Dynastic society and by the link between women and the sacred domains of existence (birth, fertility, creation, death, healing, rebirth).

Indeed, in the Old Kingdom, the mother of the royal heir was his official consort and on the Palermo Stone, the name of the divine king was directly followed by that of his mother. Women played a crucial role in dynastic changes, and man had his "heart" from his mother. Neither were the tombs of some of the early queens essentially different from those of the king. During his life, the latter was permanently protected by the "Two Ladies", the goddess Nekhbet -a vulture- and Wadjet -a cobra-, representing Upper and Lower Egypt respectively. In the tomb of Pepi I (ca. 2316 - 2284 BCE), we read :

"You are a son of the Great Wild Cow. She conceives you, she bears you, she puts you within her wing."

Pyramid Texts, utterance 554 (§ 1370).

So in Egypt, the unorganized, Lunar religious culture of the Neolithic hunters (5th millenium and earlier), Predynastic semi-nomads and settlers (4th millenium) had remained dominant until the end of prehistory (ca. 3000 BCE). During the Late and Terminal Predynastic Period, i.e. between ca. 3600 and 3000 BCE, the archetypal representation of male power and kingship steadily became more important and heralded the emergence of history.

The King Is The Sign, The Queen Is The Symbol

2010-06-21T10:30:00.000-07:00

The Kingdom is Possible Because of the Queen...

The King is the Sign... While the Queen is the Symbol..... Warren Blakely

=====================================================

Sankofa*

Sacred feminine:

We talk of Mother Earth. And in Egypt you have the Mother Heavens, the Goddess Nut, who is represented as the whole "heavenly sphere". But what happened along the way to this reverence, that in primitive societies was directed to the Goddess figure, the Great Goddess, the mother earth- what happened to that?

Well that was associated primarily with agriculture and the agricultural societies. It has to do with the earth. The human woman gives birth just as the earth gives birth to the plants...so woman magic and earth magic are the same.

They are related. And the personification of the energy that gives birth to forms and nourishes forms is properly female. It is in the agricultural world of ancient Mesopotamia, the Egyptian Nile, and in the earlier planting-culture systems that the Goddess is the dominant mythic form.

The image of the Virgin Mary was derived from the image of Isis and her child Horus: "The antique model for the Madonna, actually, is Isis with Horus at her breast.

Like a pregnant goddess who contains within Her womb, an abundant amount of mysteries in egg form waiting to be, so to speak, born into our consciousness. These seed mysteries, in one form at least, are to be found in the visual representation of certain key symbols. One fountain head , is the hieroglyphical emblem.

=====================================================
Many Nubian rulers of that time were pictured with Isis on their crowns. This was considered a homage to her role as the "Queen of All Gods, Goddesses and Women"
=====================================================

Additionally, by the beginning of the twenty-fifth dynasty - the Egyptian dynasty governed by Nubian rulers - the Queen was given the additional role of being a priestess of Nut (Nuit) . This would place the Queen in the role of trusted servant to the goddess known as the eternal mother.

Nut is also the mother of Isis, Osiris, Nephthys, and Set . The close association of the Queen with this figure is significant. Nut is, in the Nubian and Egyptian religions, the mother from which all the current gods and goddesses came. She plays the role of female initiator; the Queen is her trusted confidant on earth.

The Kingdoms of the Nile:

The Goddess Lines - Matriarchs
========================

The Goddesses Lines is the Lines that carry the Throne Heads or in other words the Lines that they were seen as the Sons and Daughters of The Gods – Ra/Ptah/Khnum and, The Matriarchal Goddess Line or Line of the Ancient Mother the Matriarchal direct Bloodlines of the Matriarchal Imperial Throne of Isis.

The Goddess Mother or Imperial Empress. In later years referred to as Mother of Africa, and misinterpreted by most unknowing of how close it was to the reality of that title. Within their Empire and Empire Government there Law is Sacred. To the Nations the Matriarch is their most Supreme Authority that exist, for it is the Lines of their Gods.

Sacred Crown of The Mother
=====================

Sacred Crown of The Mother earthly Throne is that of the Sacred Crown of The Mother, Her Wisdom and Power. Symbolising the unity with the Gods and the Power of The Law of the Imperial Mother. Her sign is the Father and Protector of the Mother Empire, The Imperial King. Their title meanings in reflection to the Gods are the origin of the ancient Empire term The Living Gods.

They are the living image of that Above, and so seen. There Greatest Power is there sacred Wisdom, the Sceptre of their Rule. That harmony of Rule is reflected throughout the lines of there generations. The Wife and Goddess Sister of Ra, Mother Ruler of the Universe Empires, Mother Creator and Ruler of the Gods Creation of Life, the Throne of Mother, is a Matriarchal Line.

=========================================================
As such it is said with African culture, the King is the Sign, but the Queen is its Symbol.

The Imperial Lines Imperial Head are since times dawn Matriarchal. They are the image and likeness of the Ancient Mother and Line of The Throne.

As such the Highest Status is that of The Imperial Empress, for through the Mother All of The Nations became to Life. The Imperial Lines of The Throne are seen as One with the Gods, they are in Unity they are, One.
=========================================================

Throne of the King/Pharaoh son of Ra Ruler of the Empires of the Gods Universe of Heavens and co-Regent Supreme Husband and God- Brother of the Goddess Mother, Supreme Father of there Created Nations, The Crown of the Mother His Goddess Wife of The Unity of Ra, His Godly image.
==========================================================
The Royal African Kingdoms are the descendant Kingdoms of the Kush-Nubia Empire of Kingdoms, the very First Kingdoms known to Mankind.

The African Kingdoms cover and cross the Trans-African Borders as they have prior to the formation of National Borders within Africa.

The two Eldest African Kingdom Nations are the Nubian and Nubian-Mande Kingdom Lineages.

Egyptian Gods, Goddesses and Mythology

Ancient Egyptian society treated men and women equally. Women participated in the political, economic, and judicial world of ancient Egypt on the same terms as men. This social system reflects Egyptian mythology, where Goddesses played an equal, if not chief, role.

The primeval mother-figures in the earliest prehistoric Egyptian myths are female. Female deities were kept separate from the males, with their own temples and followers. Egyptian goddesses are also creator deities, and the protectors of the pharaohs in the form of the cobra, vulture, or lioness.

============================================================

Queen Ahmose-Nefertari, was born royal heiress and became one of Africa's most brilliant queens. After the twenty-five year reign of her brother/husband Ahmose I (Aahmes I), she governed jointly with her son Amenhotep I, the 2nd King of Egypt's 18th Dynasty.

Aahmes married Tuthmosis I and had a daughter named Hatshepsut. Ahmose Nefertari is Queen Hatshepsut's great grand mother.

===========

The importance of the role of the queen-mother in Nubia, Egypt, and the rest of Black Africa: the women, the queen was the true sovereign, the keeper of the royalty and guardian of the purity of the lineage. To this end, it was she who transmitted the crown to her husband, who was only her executive agent.

The Menat- This symbol represents a heavy beaded necklace with a crescent shaped front and a counter piece at the rear. It was a symbol associated with the goddess, Hathor and her son, Ihy. In fact, Hathor was known as the "Great Menat". Hathor used the Menat as a conduit, through which she passes her power. It was representative of joy, life, potency, fertility, birth, and rebirth.

Looking back to Egypt,
=================
Bees were considered tears of the sun-god RA. Here we see a relationship with the sun that we will see later. The bee hieroglyphic is a symbol of Lower Egypt. Because of the sudden appearances of bees they became symbols of death and rebirth. Bees also represented the soul. Honey was often offered to deities.

If we can go back to Egypt quickly, I want to point out that at Memphis, the Memphite theology, the Apis bull was worshipped as the Ba (or spirit or spiritual manifestation) of Ptah, the creator of the universe.

Ptah's symbols were the architect's transit, level, and plumb line. He was the patron of skilled craftsmen and architects.

There are coins from Ephesus from the 5th century B.C. that depict a queen bee as a symbol of the Great Mother. Ephesus was known throughout the ancient world for its temple to the Great Mother Goddess.

==============================================================

In ancient Egypt, the crescent moon was the symbol of Isis, the Mother of the Gods. As the Queen of Egypt, Isis was the protector of motherhood, women, and healer of the sick. She also rules magic.

ISIS AMON

FOOD FOR THOUGHT
**********************

Consider the Egyptian god of masculine fertility, was the ram’s headed deity, AMON.
And who should be his feminine fertility counterpart goddess, but ISIS

The ancient pictogram for ISIS was once called ‘L’ISA’. Combining the names of these two gods in anagram form we have AMON/L’ISA=Mona Lisa!

HOTEP*

Egyptian Queen Cleopatra - A Mixed Race

2010-06-18T15:26:00.000-07:00

Sankofa*

There's has been much speculation lately on the true nationality of Egyptian Queen Cleopatra race. I can remember reading an article on Timeonline. They claimed they have proof of her true nationality. Because they found her sister that was killed, Arsinöe. From the forensic evidence, she was of N. African and White European.
==============

qlwpdrt (nTrt mr(t)-it.s) Cleopatra, neczeret meret ites

(The Goddess Cleopatra Who Is Beloved Of Her Father)

Cleopatra VII, who grew up to be the last of the Ptolemies. In 59 BC.

Cleopatra VII's titles as king of Egypt were 19:

Arsinoe and Cleopatra were daughters of Ptolemy XII by different wives.

She was the third daughter in line to her father Ptolemy XII; she later had another sister and two younger brothers. Cleopatra was born in 69 BC, to Ptolemy XII and his wife, Cleopatra V of Egypt.

Cleopatra was actually Cleopatra VII, and was the last pharaoh of Egypt, because Rome took over following her death.

Cleopatra’s full name was Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator. She reigned for 21 years, from 51 BC to 30 BC.

In the entire 300-year old Ptolemaic dynasty, Cleopatra was the only Pharaoh who could speak Egyptian.

Infact, she was the master of nine languages in all.

Cleopatra was one of the seven women named Cleopatra in the dynasty.
This is why she was officially known as Cleopatra VII.

=============

Forensic experts believe they have identified the skeleton of the queen’s younger sister, murdered over 2,000 years ago.

Daughter of Ptolemy I and Berenice I, sister of Philotera and Ptolemy II, then his wife. After Lisymach’s death she was married to Keraunos who crowned himself a king of Lisymachia after the diadochi battle. In 279 he murdered Arsinoe’s children and she escaped to Egypt where she managed to drive Arsinoe I out of the country and marry her brother and coregent between 280 and 272 BC. After death she was deified in the whole East-Mediterranean region.

The results vindicate the theories of Hilke Thür of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, who has long claimed that the skeleton was Arsinöe. She described the discovery of Arsinöe’s ethnicity as “a real sensation which leads to a new insight on Cleopatra’s family”.

The forensic evidence was obtained by a team working under the auspices of the Austrian Archeological Institute, which is set to detail its findings at an anthropological convention in the United States later this month.

Evidence obtained by studying the dimensions of Arsinöe’s skull shows she had some of the characteristics of white Europeans, ancient Egyptians and Black Africans, indicating that Cleopatra was probably of mixed race, too. They were daughters of Ptolemy XII by different wives.

==========================================================
“It has got this long head shape,” said Wilkinson. “That’s something you see quite frequently in ancient Egyptians and Black Africans. It could suggest a mixture of ancestry.”

==========================================================

Thoth (left) and Horus pour purifying liquid on Pharaoh Ptolemy XII.
From the temple of Haroeris and Sobek at Kom Ombo. Photograph c.1890.

=====================================================

What do we know about Cleopatra's ancestry?

The Ptolemy dynasty was descended from the Greek Macedonian Ptolemy Soter, established as ruler of Egypt by Alexander the Great's conquest of Egypt in 305 B.C.E. (In other words, they were imperialist outsiders.)

We are not certain of the heritage of Cleopatra's mother or her paternal grandmother. That leaves 50% to 75% of her genetic heritage unknown -- and ripe for speculation.

Is there any evidence that either her mother or paternal grandmother was a black African?

Is there any evidence that either of those women were not black Africans?
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Cleopatra's Paternal Grandmother

Many scholars believe that Cleopatra's paternal grandmother was a concubine. That woman's background has been assumed to be either Alexandrian or Nubian. She may have been ethnically Egyptian, and she may have had a heritage which we'd today call "black."
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Cleopatra's Mother

Cleopatra's mother is usually identified as her aunt, Cleopatra V, daughter of Ptolemy IX. Her mother is also unknown; Cleopatra V was not the daughter of a royal wife, but we don't know if the mother was another Ptolemy relative or a concubine of Egyptian or Semitic African or Black African background.

Cleopatra Spoke Egyptian

We do have early evidence that Cleopatra was the first ruler in her family to actually speak the native Egyptian language, rather than the Greek of the Ptolemies -- but that would be evidence for an Egyptian ancestry, = Black African.

BBC has a audio tape where you can hear the scientist discuss Cleopatra's African ancestry.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/also_in_the_news/7945333.stm

Hotep*

Chapel Dedicated To The Birth of HORUS - Denderah-Hathor

2010-05-26T14:45:00.000-07:00

A chapel devoted to Horus to celebrate the new rein , of Augustus.

The temple of Hathor was constructed over a period, we believe, of thirty-four years, between 54 and 20 BC. When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, the temple was, after four years of building activity, still in its early stages, although it did contain some underground crypts. It seems that the remainder of the temple was build during the twenty-one year reign of his successor, Queen Cleopatra VII. At the time of her death in 30 BC, the decoration work had just begun (on the outer rear wall).

Horus,

Ihy was a young god personifying the jubilation emanating from the sacred rattle.

The name of Ihy was interpreted by the Egyptians as "sistrum-player" which was the raison d'etre of this god. The sistrum was a cultic musical instrument used primarily (but not exclusively) in the worship of Hathor, mother of Ihy. He can hold the sacred rattle and necklace (menat).

=====================

Its scenes depict Trajan, Augustus' later successor, making offerings to Hathor, and are among the finest to be found in Egypt. It was the ritual location where Hathor gave birth to the young Ihy or Harsomtus, two alternative youthful deities who stand for the youthful phase of creator gods in general. There are also, of course, figures of the god Bes, a patron of childbirth, carved on the abaci above the column capitals. The reliefs on the exterior walls are superbly preserved, and portray the divine birth and childhood of the infant Horus, whose rites legitimize the divine descent of the king.

However, prior to the temple proper is the Roman Period birth house of Dendera on the west, perhaps built by Nero, though more probably by Trajan. Although the dedication inscriptions refer to Trajan, Nero is depicted in the main hypostyle hall of the of the Hathor temple, offering the model of a birth house. This is the latest preserved temple of its type.

The new sanctuary was well designed and followed Ptolemaic models. In order to match the level of the Hathor temple, the new building was erected on a high platform. A temporary access staircase led up at the side of the platform. The roofing slabs were not positioned, as usual, beneath the level of the cavetto molding around the buildings top, but would have probably been hidden by a parapet wall.

The core building contains a sequence of three rooms. Two corridors that isolate the large sanctuary are notable. These passages are too narrow to be used and must have been added for symbolic and optical effect. The rear wall of the sanctuary is dominated by an enormous false door that is framed by a double cavetto molding on slender columns and topped by an uraeus frieze. A cult niche high up in the wall corresponds to the location of the statue niche in the sanctuary of the main temple.

The birth house was surrounded by an ambulatory. The composite capitals of the columns carry high pillars with Bes figures. The frontal ambulatory extended by the addition of three columns into a kind of kiosk, with the front corners formed by L-shaped pillars. The kiosk had a timbered roof that somehow must have connected to the stone structure of the birth house. This merging of the ambulatory with a kiosk is a novelty. At older birth houses, a court was attached as a separate structure.

The main temple at Dendera is the grandest and most elaborately decorated of its period. It is also one of the most important temple sites of Egypt, providing examples of a rich variety of later temple features. It is also one of the best preserved temples of this period, surviving despite the destruction of the temples of Hathor's consort Horus and their child Ihy or Harsomtus which originally stood close by.

The massive foundations probably contain many blocks from the earlier structure it replaced. Early texts refer to a temple at Dendera which was rebuilt during the Old Kingdom, and several New Kingdom monarchs, including Tuthmosis III, Amenhotep III and Ramesses II and III are known to have embellished the structure. However, while fragments of earlier periods have been found on the site, there have been no earlier buildings unearthed. Pepi I and Tuthmosis III in particular were recalled in the new temple's inscriptions.

The temple of Hathor was constructed over a period, we believe, of thirty-four years, between 54 and 20 BC. When Ptolemy XII died in 51 BC, the temple was, after four years of building activity, still in its early stages, although it did contain some underground crypts. It seems that the remainder of the temple was build during the twenty-one year reign of his successor, Queen Cleopatra VII. At the time of her death in 30 BC, the decoration work had just begun (on the outer rear wall).

The temple plan is classical Egyptian, completely enclosed by a 35 by 59 meter wall standing 12.5 meters high. However, unlike those of earlier temples, the facade of the hypostyle hall that fronts the main temple is constructed as a low screen with inter-columnar walls exposing the hall's ceiling and the Hathor style sistrum capitals of its 24 columns. According to a dedication inscription on the cornice thickness above the entrance, this part of the temple was built under Tiberius between 34 and 35 AD. The structure measures 26.03 by 43 meters and is 17.2 meters high. It has an 8 meter long architrave that spans the central intercolumniation. Above, a towering cavetto, built from one course, and the massive volume of the corner tori cast heavy shadows and articulate the edges of the facade.

The Roman Birth House (mammisi) was built when the earlier structure, begun by Nectanebo I and decorated in the Ptolemaic Period, was cut through by the foundation of the unfinished first court of the main temple of Hathor. Only a false door at the eastern exterior wall of the main temple of Hathor reminds one of the original sanctuary. Originally, this birth house measured about 17 by 20 meters and consisted of a triple shrine opening to a transverse hall. It was built mainly of brick but received an interior stone casing. Within this older structure, the walls of the wide hall depict the Ptolemaic kings offering to Hathor. A scene on the north wall shows the creator god Khnum fashioning the child, Ihy, with Hekat the goddess of childbirth seen in her image as a frog.

Both birth houses are now accessible. They differ considerably in plan and decoration.

Between the new and old birth houses are the remains of a Christian basilica that can be dated to the 5th century AD. It is an excellent example representative of early Coptic church architecture.

High Relief of Bes in the forecourt of the temple at Dendera

South of the earlier birth house is a mud-brick "sanatorium.. This sanatorium is the only one of its type known in association with an ancient Egyptian temple. Here, visitors could bathe in the sacred waters or spend the night in order to have a healing dream of the goddess. It had benches around its sides where the sick rested while waiting for cures affected by the priests. An inscription on a statue base found in this location suggests that water was poured over magical texts on the statues, causing it to become holy and to cure all sorts of diseases and illnesses. Basins used to collect the holy water can still be seen at the western end.

OPHIUCHUS: Denderah 13th Zodiac Sign

2010-05-25T14:08:00.000-07:00

Ophiuchus - Was the 13th sign in the Egyptian Zodiac.

Orion / Osiris /Asar is known by... SAH.
His wife Sirius / Aset / Isis is known by Sepedet.

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Denderah ancient star chart holds the key to unlocking the knowledge of the future. The Giza Monuments holds an important element of astronomy.

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In one of the sub-terrain grids, hieroglyphics were found. That would demonstrate, it was reconstructed exactly following the ancient plans and designs, from ancient wise priest "Imhotep".

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Denderah mimics the sky directly above it's great alignment. Some say, even the future of 2012. In our move into the Pisces age, (which we are in).

Originally, there were 13 zodiac signs, why was it mysteriously dropped from the zodiac?
Especially when it's dead center of the Milky Way.

Denderah the Dawn of Astronomy

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Kemetic Culture shaped around a series of religious temples, in carefully chosen sites along the Nile.

(Temple of Philae), (Temple of Karnak)

For the Egyptian priest, called Kabirim or heaven measurer's, set up the temple as a telescope.
They believed, all forms of the universe grow outward, and needed a container to protect their development.

The temples were the receptacles that allowed the development of their civilization.

Each temple manifested a different kind of understanding of the universe. A different fundamental principle, and was used to communicate it to the people to produce an evolution of conscienceness.
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Each temple played a role in the organ in the country body, with a different function. Devoted to teaching and exploring, a different religious topic. In that way they understood the "house of god".

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They used the constellation's of stars to define the cycle of revelation to their people of the divine information gathered by generations of priests.

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The Great Pyramid of Giza shows the significance of the N. Pole star, a Southern
star that appears to rise and set. The big dipper is called Knerpesh. And depicted as a bull severed thigh, or a curved sword.

These are called indestructible stars, because they never set.
Little dipper is in the shape of... Adze-tool used in "The Opening of the Mouth Ceremony".

Adze-tool on the table, as well being used in the ceremony.
==========

Analysis of the zodiac, the ancient Egyptians understood the precession of the equinoxes.

Ra in his boat - was a celestial symbol as well, not just a symbol of the physical sun.

That myth of the number 13 being bad luck, is just to steer you from the facts. That fact is, Ophiuchus is the constellation of "Ra Sun Deity".
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Flooding of the Nile:
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Alpha Draco, would appear over the axis of the planet. 4320 years after, was replaced by Polaris, the one that currently guides our navigators.

Movement of our solar system and it's revolution around in the center of galaxy determines, that during that cycle of 25,920 years, 6 different stars would shine over the N. pole. The star over the pole represented the fundamental motherly force of the sky. The generator of the substance that allowed the development of life in the universe. Feminine principle called Hatter, by which the temple of Hathor was erected.

The Pharaoh and supreme priest oriented a line between two stakes towards Alpha Draconis.
The Priestess with a gold mallet nailed the stakes, lining up to the direction of the temple axis. They set the 4 corner stones to begin the protective wall complex.

That same night located west, they located another star, at 90 degrees to the previous one. They called it Sirius, and was the symbol of Isis in the sky. In her honor they built a second temple, with its axis with it's second door in the wall of the complex, aligned in the star directions.

The door of the temple of Isis framed the sector of the sky, where Sirius rose, with the sun trailing her appeared on each 21st day of June day of the (summer solstice.).

The temple grew inside the high walls, while the priest recorded the movement of the stars, study the processes compelled by their energies, carved on stone walls, and recorded the conclusions of that sacred topic.

Sirius - the symbol of Isis was called the dog star, because it follows the Orion constellation, impersonation of Osiris in the sky. After being hidden 120 days , it appeared over the horizon marking the moment when the Nile begin to over flow. It was then visible for 40 days, the same the flood lasted.

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Sankofa* - ( Could this be where the flood in the scriptures was taken from?
The duration of the Nile flooding for 40 days?)
==================================

Because of this Sirius was very important. and was used to divide the year in 3 periods called textraments determined by the flood of the Nile.

The new year festivities begin when the Nile over flowed and Sirius reappeared in the sky, once the star disappeared the river recovered it's normal level. The calendar and Egyptian life was so important that the Pharaoh had to promise not to change it.

The priest also use the sun as a cloth, to determine the duration of the year. Since the summer solstice happens at the same time of the reappearance of Sirius.

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Intensive study into Denderah from the Temple of Hathor, Het, Heru, will reveal the truth.

In the center of Denderah, zodiac, the great Mother Goddess Tauret the hippopotamus, she is key to the mystery. Tauret means - Old Great Land. Tauret her head (cepheus) she is large in form, and represents the stars of Draco, (shoulder and arms) and Cepheus (head and bootes) feet and sword.
(NILE).

Star Scorpio , Sagittarius - are directly 180 degrees from Orion, (Canis major) (Sirius) and Taurus (Pleiades)
Beetlegeise ( beetle juice). This means that Ra / and Orion are twins, that share the same soul between them.

Bennu Astronomy:
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The bennu bird hieroglyphics says...Asar rests in Ra and Ra rests in Asar.

Modern science has proven that the center of the Milky Way (Nile) galaxy is in Ophiuchus. Our ancestors had already told us this; along with the stellar forces.

Bennu is a cosmic force, that comes from Ophiuchus / Ra, and travels the Milky Way / Nile to Orion / Asar.

On the ground, Giza and Saqqara was called Orion / Asar, and Abydos was Ophiuchus. There were Bennu (phoenix) cemeteries in two cities. What is the Bennu you may ask? It was Nibiru called by our ancestors.

Ethiopia - 'Land of the gods" - The rain occurred when the Orion / Asar star is rising with the Aten (Sun Disk). Flooding of the Nile Valley occurred when the star of Sirius / Aset is rising with the Aten.

The Kabirim (Priest, Astronomer, Astrologer), of Bennu order have calculated the rising of Sirius / Sepedet.
To the 40th latitude. At this latitude Sirius / Sepedet rises with Aten on July 25th yearly.

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Note: There are actually 37 original decans - 10 x 36 = 360.
So the 37th decans presides over the 5 days of the year.
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Sepedet - has a value of (0), or (37), Representing that she is the beginning and the end / alpha / omega.

==============

The bird was primarily associated with Atum and Re, but inevitably, its connection with rebirth came to associate it also with Osiris. In quoting from the Book of the Dead, Wallis Budge quotes a passage that reads,

"I go in like the Hawk, and I come forth like the Bennu, the Morning Star.

(i.e., the planet Venus) of Ra; I am the Bennu which is in Heliopolis" and he goes on to say that the scholion on this passage expressly informs us that the Benu is Osiris. In essence, the Benu was considered a manifestation of the resurrected Osiris.

On the Denderah stone the Sextant is shown as the maiden Selket holding a bow in her hands under the front paws of the lion. Her arrow is pointed directly over the ruminating Hathor, through the double crown on the head of Horus, through the white crown on the Cocky Man, and directly into the center of the sun disk on the horns of the stiff necked Ram.

It seems that the heavens and the ancients have conspired to hit a "bull's eye" over a period of two thousand cycles of the earth around the sun. Extend the scepter in the hand of Venus to realize that it passes through the boundary between Cancer and Leo to the hand on the bow of the maiden. Try to imagine the improbability of these events. The one acceptable answer is that Love itself defrocked the Mother of us All.

She guided the progress of civilization during two thousand years of denial of our cosmic umbilical cord, so that she could prove her wisdom to be far superior to any Great Man with assertive intuition. On the stone, Venus guided the hand of the maiden as her arrow was let loose to find its mark in the enlightenment of the stiff necked ram. Two thousand years later, the heavens wrote the same message as Venus (love) returned to steer the stars.

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Denderah Zodiac (19th-century engraving)

Its representation of the zodiac in circular form is unique in ancient Egyptian art.More typical are the rectangular zodiacs which decorate the same temple's pronaos.

The celestial arch is represented by a disc held up by four pillars of the sky in the form of women, between which are inserted falcon-headed spirits. On the first ring, 36 spirits symbolize the 360 days of the Egyptian year.

At the center of the Hathor vignette and the Denderah zodiac is the image of Tauret. She is a pregnant hippopotamus who wears cow horns and a crocodile skin cloak. In the heavens, she is the Sun Dragon, Draco, which marks the north axis of the ecliptic plane.

The cloak around Draco is the Milky Way. The crocodile can be seen in the Milky Way with an open mouth through which the swan Cygnus, the fox Vulpecula, and the Eagle Aquila are moving. Coming out of the mouth of the crocodile is the end of the tail of Serpens. Also, within the mouth is the child Antinous, or Horus the son of Isis and Osiris. Like a river crocodile, Tauret protects in the Kingdom of Heaven.

The purpose of Hathor as Mother Nature is to provide the budding life with an opportunity for receiving abundance.

That is the message written in the Denderah monument, the vignette to Hathor, and the Tauroctony of Mithras. Finding the truth in that message is the method of the sacred sciences.

We can search throughout the whole universe for truth. But, when it comes, it will come from the same places where it had come before. When we listen to the Fables of the Ancients, the future will unfold as a resurrection of the past. That is the mystery of teleology.

These versus put into words what the Denderah architects put into stone. The axis of the Denderah stone is coincident with the axis of the temple. The clear implication is that the temple was designed to be aligned with human knowledge. The one with greater wisdom than the Queen of Sheba is the wife of Thoth, Seshat. Seshat is the Egyptian Fairy Godmother. Her powers of cause and effect for any affectation were legendary before the founding of Egypt. In a temple constructed during Hatshepsut's reign, queen Hatshepsut is shown directing Thoth to go speak to Seshat to find the answers to his questions. Seshat was the origin of all the wisdom of Thoth.

Seshat is the feminine consort/counterpart/wife of Thoth the Scribe, he who wrote the story/program of humanity's journey through time. She is a Magician, as is Isis, Thoth, Hermes, etc. Seshat bore the title 'Egyptian Fairy Godmother'. Her magic wand, with its seven pointed star, was the symbol which represented the source of all creative ideas, consciousness. Her powers of cause and effect for any affectation were legendary before the founding of Egypt.

- The Tree Of Life -

Seshat was the essence of cosmic intuition, creating the geometry of the heavens alongside Thoth. In Egyptian mythology, Seshat was originally the deification of the concept of wisdom, and so became a goddess of writing, astronomy, astrology, architecture, and mathematics.

She was known as 'Mistress of the House of Books', indicating that she also took care of Thoth's library of spells and scrolls. She is the patron of libraries and all forms of writing, including census and accounting work. Seshat was the only female that has been found (so far) actually writing.

Seshat was the mistress of measure. Whenever a new project was undertaken, the Egyptian priests enacted the interplay of Seshat at the creation of the cosmos by the ceremony of the stretching of the cord. Her magic wand with its seven pointed star was the symbol which represented the source of all creative ideas. Being wise before Thoth, she was also wise before Solomon. Notice that the Great Man, User-Maat-Re, wears the atef crown in the stretching of cord scene in the adjacent vignette. He is shown on the temple axis as a man with Thoth's atef crown.

This is the meaning of the Queen of Sheba and her visit with Solomon. Solomon had stretched the cord with Seshat. Solomon's wisdom could only be tested by Seshat, the Queen of Sheba, for she was the first to become inspired and she gave her treasures to Solomon, i.e. User-Maat-Re. It is interesting to note that the name She-ba means feminine spirit in English. Without question, Seshat was the queen of feminine spirits.

The seven messages of Seshat are echoed in the story of the conquest of Jericho by Joshua's seven trips around the wall of the city, and by the seven soundings of trumpets. When any initiate can make the victory sound for understanding each of the seven sacred spirits, the complete Wall of the Ruler will come tumbling down. The four elements and the three ingredients for communication are the seven points on Seshat's wand.

These seven are demonstrated at the boundaries of Aries and Pisces and Capricorn and Sagittarius on the Denderah.

============

Here we recognize in the modern Judeo-Christian scriptures a principle reflected in the Denderah stone. When the Queen of Sheba visited Solomon (sun-man, Great Ruler) she brought the power of intuition. After Solomon, the flower of woman's intuition was no longer admired. This is recorded in the words of I Kings, and on the whole east side of the disk of the Denderah stone.

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I Kings 10:1-5

1 And when the queen of Sheba heard of the fame of Solomon concerning the name of the LORD, she came to prove him with hard questions.
2 And she came to Jerusalem with a very great train, with camels that bare spices, and very much gold, and precious stones: and when she was come to Solomon, she communed with him of all that was in her heart.
3 And Solomon told her all her questions: there was not any thing hid from the king, which he told her not.
4 And when the queen of Sheba had seen all Solomon's wisdom, and the house that he had built,
5 And the meat of his table, and the sitting of his servants, and the attendance of his ministers, and their apparel, and his cup bearers, and his ascent by which he went up unto the house of the LORD; there was no more spirit in her.

================

When it had come to pass that "there was no more spirit in her," Western Civilization crossed that boundary which is the deflowering of motherhood, and the loss of belief in fairy godmothers. The altar of four serpents became an altar of four rams. The Denderah stone tells us why.

The scriptures keep the reason a secret, and imply that the use of intuition had no more value. All that was worthy of being known had already been learned, and the time for controlling action was at hand. Western Civilization had matured to the point where it had to attempt to make it on the record at hand; the Book of Life. This is the stage of adolescence. The consciousness of Western Civilization marched to a different drum beat as it began to be about its Father's Business.

The Great Man's umbilical cord to Seshat, which is Western Culture, has now broken away, and it is time to get back to truthful cosmic consciousness once more. Capricorn has the spirit name "I Use." During the application of man made material laws and the implementation of his "order of law," the goddess of intuition makes her meaning clearly understood. When our laws fail us, we must resort to creative solutions. These always come to us by gut feel, or intuition, which are in the wand of Seshat, and the hands of Osiris-Seker, Sculptor.

Source:
Denderah Zodiac and the Solar Eclipse on August 11, 1999

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Serpent Holder

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The serpent holder ( as it was known as) bearing the thirteenth position, could have been feared taboo along with the man holding the serpent.

Ophiuchus holding the serpent, Serpens, as depicted in Urania's Mirror, a set of constellation cards published in London c.1825. Above the tail of the serpent is the now-obsolete constellation Taurus Poniatovii while below it is Scutum.

On the Denderah stone, the planet Saturn stands between Libra and Virgo. When the monument was designed the existence of the planet Pluto was not known. Saturn was recognized by the ancients as the "Ancient of Days." Thus, Saturn's position defines a Last Judgment. During the eclipse of August 11, 1999, the planet Pluto was located under the hand of Ophiuchus nearest Libra. This is the location of the hand of Ra holding the scepter on the Denderah stone between Scorpio and Libra.

The position of Mars at the apex of the balance in Libra on August 11, 1999 tells us that it is the rational aspects of the cosmos that are on trial in the hall of the last judgment. The decision to be made is whether the rational being will be born to a new truth, or will it descend to the valley of shadows with a chance to dream a new dream in the dungeon of the Cosmic King.

The decision has two possible outcomes, as shown at Libra. One leads to the jackal at the hand of Tauret. This is a return to the material source scenario, for she represents the material aspects of motherhood in the solar system and the galaxy. It is the path of starting from the beginning, again.

The second outcome is through Virgo who shows the way with the light of wisdom (Mercury) held toward the Kingdom of Heaven. This route will result in no more judgments, for it passes through the "ancient of days." Being born of the Virgin will lead the child on the balance to become a Prince of Peace in the Kingdom of Heaven.

In front of Leo and on top of the Cow of Hathor, which symbolizes Mother Earth, stands the icon of Jupiter. The implication is that the Prince of Peace will become the Ruler of an abundant World, for Taurus on the other side of Jupiter is looking toward the Lion with a beckoning glance.

===============

The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known Egyptian bas-relief from the ceiling of the pronaos (or portico) of a chapel dedicated to Osiris in the Hathor temple at Dendera, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and the Libra (the scales).

The zodiac is a planisphere or map of the stars on a plane projection, showing the 12 constellations of the zodiacal band forming 36 decans of ten days each, and the planets. These decans are groups of first-magnitude stars. These were used in the ancient Egyptian calendar, which was based on lunar cycles of around 30 days and on the heliacal rising of the star Sothis (Sirius).

57 Ancient Tombs With Mummies Unearthed in Egypt

2010-05-25T06:30:00.000-07:00

Members of an excavation team work near the remains of an ancient sarcophagus base at the site of an ancient pyramid in Saqqara in the southern outskirts of modern Cairo on June 5, 2008.

The Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities on Sunday, May 23, 2010, shows a painted wooden sarcophagus discovered in Lahoun, near Fayoum, some 70 miles (100 kilometers) south of Cairo, in Egypt.
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The Supreme Council of Antiquities says archeologists have unearthed 57 ancient Egyptian tombs, most of them containing a painted wooden sarcophagus with a mummy inside, with the oldest tombs dating back to around 2750 B.C. and twelve of the tombs belonging to the 18th dynasty which ruled Egypt during the second millennium B.C. (AP Photo/Supreme Council of Antiquities)

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CAIRO — Archeologists have unearthed 57 ancient Egyptian tombs, most of them containing a painted wooden sarcophagus with a mummy inside.

The Supreme Council of Antiquities says the oldest tombs date back to around 2750 B.C. Twelve of the tombs belong the 18th dynasty which ruled Egypt during the second millennium B.C.

It says the discovery throws new light on Egypt's ancient religions.

Council chief Zahi Hawass says the mummies are covered in linen decorated with religious texts from the Book of the Dead and scenes featuring ancient Egyptian deities.

The council said in a statement Sunday the findings were unearthed at Lahoun, in Fayoum, some 70 miles (100 kilometers) south of Cairo.

Last year, some 53 stone tombs dating back to various ancient periods were found in the area.

SOURCE:
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The Associated Press: 57 ancient tombs with mummies unearthed in Egypt

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Mummified Baboons in British Museum May Reveal Location of the Land of Punt

2010-05-18T06:40:00.000-07:00

Throughout their history the ancient Egyptians recorded making voyages to a place called the 'Land of Punt'. To the Egyptians it was a far-off source of exotic animals and valuable goods.

From there they brought back perfumes, panther skins, electrum, and, yes, live baboons to keep as pets. The voyages started as early as the Old Kingdom, ca. 4,500 years ago, and continued until just after the collapse of the New Kingdom 3,000 years ago.

Egyptologists have long argued about the location of Punt. The presence of perfumes suggests that it was located somewhere in Arabia, such as Yemen. However the depiction of a giraffe, at a temple built by Queen Hatshepsut, tells archaeologists that Punt is likely somewhere in Africa – perhaps around Ethiopia, Eritrea or Somalia.

The various parts of the temple

(top picture you can see the remains of the Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep II (11th Dynasty).

There are even suggestions that it could be further south on the African coastline, perhaps as far as Mozambique.

The surviving Egyptian texts give only vague references to its location. An example below records a voyage sponsored by the Pharaoh Ramesses III. Author Pierre Grandet wrote:

I built great ships ... which were equipped with countless crewmen. Laden with products beyond number from Egypt ... (and then) sent to the great Sea of Muqed, they reached the mountains of Punt without any misfortune befalling them.

"The loading of the ships very heavily with the marvels from the land of Punt; all goodly fragrant woods, heaps of myrrh-resin, with fresh myrrh trees, with ebony and pure ivory, with green gold of Amu, with cinnamon-wood, khesyt-wood, with ahmut-incense, senter-incense, eye cosmetic, with apes, monkeys, dogs, with skins of the southern panther, and with natives and their children"

Other scenes then show the boats on their triumphant return to Egypt, thirty-one incense trees have been brought safely back along with cattle, incense leaves, skins, chests of gold, panthers, and other animals along with silver, lazuli, malachite and other precious stones.

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Finding Punt
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To solve the mystery of where Punt was, a team of scientists is turning to two mummified baboons in the British Museum. They date back about 3,000 years, a time when Egyptians were voyaging to Punt and acquiring the animals as pets.

One was found at Thebes and the other in the Valley of the Kings.

Photo by William Warby. An Olive Baboon from Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. CC Attribution 2.0 Generic The team is conducting oxygen isotope tests on the preserved hairs of the baboons. Oxygen isotopes act as a 'signal' that can tell scientists where an animal is from.

“We have hair samples from the older mummified ones in the British Museum and depending on how the results look the curators are willing to give us bone samples,” said Nathaniel Dominy of University of California Santa Cruz, who is a member of the team doing the work.

He said that bone is better for this test than hair because it grows slower and keeps its original oxygen isotope signature longer.

To aid in narrowing down the location of Punt the team is also performing oxygen isotope tests on samples of modern day baboons from Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen, Uganda and Mozambique. If the oxygen isotope signatures of these baboons match their ancient counterparts the team will know where Punt was.

The Risks
“There’s a little bit of risk with this project,” Professor Dominy said.

He explained that the Egyptians were importing baboons from Punt to keep as exotic pets. This poses a problem since the longer an animal stays in Egypt and consumes the local diet, the more its oxygen isotope value changes.

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Baboons of the Ptolemies
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The team will also be analyzing the hair of baboons that date from the Ptolemaic Period. This is a time in Egypt's history that runs from its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 BC, to the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC.

The team will be using baboons from the Petrie Museum in University College London. While this work will tell archaeologists where the Ptolemies were getting their baboons, it isn’t likely to reveal the location of Punt. “The New Kingdom expeditions to Punt had largely diminished by that point,” said Dominy.

If all goes well the team hopes to have some initial results by April 23 - the start of an academic conference being held by the American Research Center in Egypt (ARCE). Professor Dominy said that these first results may not yield the location of Punt but “at minimum we can reject some places.”

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At times Punt is referred to as Ta netjer, the "land of the god".

The exact location of Punt remains a mystery. Most scholars today believe Punt was located to the south-east of Egypt, most likely on the coast of the Horn of Africa in what is today Eritrea and eastern Sudan. However some scholars point instead to a range of ancient inscriptions which locate Punt in Arabia.
Egyptian expeditions to Punt

Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to the Land of Punt as depicted from her temple at Deir el-Bahri.
This relief depicts incense and myrrh trees obtained by Hatshepsut's expedition to PuntThe earliest recorded Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (25th century BC) although gold from Punt is recorded as having been in Egypt in the time of king Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt.

Subsequently, there were more expeditions to Punt in the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt, the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt and the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. In the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, trade with Punt was celebrated in popular literature in the "Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor"

"Arriving at the goodly way into God's Land, journeying in peace to the land of Punt".

Once the Egyptians land, a force of soldiers carrying spears, axes and shields are made ready in case of attack.The Egyptians have also brought with them some items to trade (strings of beads, an axe, a dagger, some bracelets and a wooden chest. The people of Punt welcome the Egyptians warmly, the Chief of Punt - Parahu - steps forward to meet the Egyptian officer (Parahu's wife is shown behind him, many different explanantions have been offered to explain her strange appearance ranging from suffering from a disease to being overweight), two sons and a servant drive along a donkey which the queen, Parahu's wife, sometimes rides:
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In a festival scene, soldiers run forward carrying branches of trees along with their axes.

Egyptian expeditions to Punt
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Egyptian soldiers from Hatshepsut's Year 9 expedition to the Land of Punt as depicted from her temple at Deir el-Bahri.
This relief depicts incense and myrrh trees obtained by Hatshepsut's expedition to PuntThe earliest recorded Egyptian expedition to Punt was organized by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty (25th century BC) although gold from Punt is recorded as having been in Egypt in the time of king Khufu of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt.

Subsequently, there were more expeditions to Punt in the Sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the Eleventh dynasty of Egypt, the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt and the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. In the Twelfth dynasty of Egypt, trade with Punt was celebrated in popular literature in the "Tale of the Shipwrecked Sailor"

The ships are shown, the baskets are being carried on board by the soldiers - along with many other items ( including a baboon, and trees in pots):

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In the reign of Mentuhotep III (around 1950 BC), an officer named Hannu organized one or more voyages to Punt, but it is uncertain whether he traveled on these expeditions. Trading missions of the 12th dynasty pharaohs Senusret I and Amenemhat II had also successfully navigated their way to and from the mysterious land of Punt.

Mummified Baboons in British Museum May Reveal Location of the Land of Punt Heritage Key

Education In Ancient KMT

2010-05-04T12:51:00.000-07:00

In ancient Egypt, parents would instill in their children various educational principles, moral attitudes, and views of life from a tender age. They would receive their basic education in the bosom of the family.

This was about all of the schooling that girls would get; for boys it would be supplemented by proper training in whatever line they chose, or was chosen for them. Ancient Egyptian education covered both the general upbringing of a child and their training for a particular vocation.

The up bringing of boys was left mostly in the hands of their fathers; the mothers were responsible for the upbringing of the girls. Parents made their children familiar with their ideas about the world, with their religious outlook, with their ethical principles, with correct behavior toward others and toward the super-natural beings whom everyone believed in. They taught them about folk rituals and so forth. The educational principles of ancient Egypt were written on papyrus commonly known as the Books of Instruction.

The advice given in these "books" was designed to make sure of personal success in agreement with the needs of the state and the moral conduct of the day. It was better to tell the truth and be fair and honest than lie and do the wrong thing because the consequences would be terrible.

The Books of Instruction had rules for the well-ordered life and elements of morality that include justice, wisdom, obedience, humanity and restraint. The books mostly took the form of verses addressed by a father to his son as he stepped into his shoes or started to help his aging.

Most of these books were put together by senior officials. Many copies of these scrolls have been made since they also served as teaching texts in the schools for scribes.

In Ancient Egypt the child's world was not as clearly separated from the adults as it tends to be in modern Western society. As the years went by, childish pastimes would give way to imitations of grown-up behavior.

Children would more and more frequently be found lending a hand with the less difficult tasks and gradually developing useful skills and knowledge from their elders.

Mothers belonging to lower class families would do this job themselves. Wealthier families usually tasked servants to tend the daily needs of the children. Primary education for the children was provided at home. When they have been deemed as able by their fathers, they would serve as apprentices, accompanying their fathers as they worked to learn the trade.

Children would wake up to join their fathers out in the crop fields. Builders and other sorts of craftsmen would have their male offspring serve as helper- apprentices. The more privileged children of Ancient Egypt had the option of receiving a formal education; to eventually become a scribe, or an army officer in the royal service.

Bibliography

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Historians of philosophy; have said to begin their story with the Greeks. The Hindus, who believe that they invented philosophy, and the Chinese, who believe that they perfected it, smile at our provincialism.
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It may be that we are all mistaken;

For among the most ancient fragments left to us by the Egyptians are writings that belong, however loosely and untechnically, under the rubric of moral philosophy.

The wisdom of the Egyptians was a proverb with the Greeks, who felt themselves children beside this ancient race.

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The oldest work of philosophy known to us is the "Instructions of Ptah-hotep," which apparently goes back to 2880 B.C.—2300 years before Confucius, Socrates and Buddha.
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Ptah-hotep was Governor of Memphis
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Ptah-hotep was Governor of Memphis, and Prime Minister to the King, under the Fifth Dynasty. Retiring from office, he decided to leave to his son a manual of everlasting wisdom.

It was transcribed as an antique classic by some scholars prior to the Eighteenth Dynasty.

The Vizier begins:

"O Prince my Lord, the end of life is at hand; old age descended! upon me; feebleness cometh and childishness is renewed; he that is old lieth down in misery every day.

The eyes are small, the ears are deaf. Energy is diminished, the heart hath no rest. Command thy servant, therefore, to make over my princely authority to my son. Let me speak unto him the words of them that hearken to the counsel of the men of old time, those that once heard the gods.

I pray thee, let this thing be done. His Gracious Majesty grants the permission, advising him, however, to discourse without causing weariness advice not yet superfluous for philosophers."

Where Upon Ptah-hotep Instructs his son:

"Be not proud because thou art learned; but discourse with the ignorant man as with the sage. For no limit can be set to skill, neither is there any craftsman that possesseth full advantages.

Fair speech is more rare than the emerald that is found by slave-maidens among the pebbles. Live, therefore, in the house of kindliness, and men shall come and give gifts of themselves. Beware of making enmity by thy words.

Overstep not the truth, neither repeat that which any man, be he prince or peasant, saith in opening the heart; it is abhorrent to the soul.

If thou wouldst be a wise man, beget a son for the pleasing of the god. If he make straight his course after thine example, if he ar¬range thine affairs in due order, do all unto him that is good.

If he be heedless and trespass thy rules of conduct, and is violent; if every speech that cometh from his mouth is a vile word; then beat thou him, that his talk may be fitting. Precious to a man is the virtue of his son, and good character is a thing remembered.

Wheresoever thou goest, beware of consorting with women. If thou wouldst be wise, provide for thine house, and love thy wife that is in thine arms. Silence is more profitable to thee than abundance of speech. Consider how thou mayest be opposed by an expert that speaketh in council. It is a foolish thing to speak on every kind of work.

If thou be powerful make thyself to be honored for knowledge and for gentleness. Beware of interruption, and of answering words with heat; put it from thee; control thyself."

And Ptah-hotep concludes with Horatian pride:

"Nor shall any word that hath here been set down cease out of this land forever, but shall be made a pattern whereby princes shall speak well.

My words shall instruct a man how he shall speak; yea, he shall become as one skillful in obeying, excellent in speaking. Good fortune shall befall him; he shall be gracious until the end of his life; he shall be contented always."

This note of good cheer does not persist in Egyptian thought; age comes upon it quickly, it sours.

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William Henry

In this landmark workshop William Henry turns to myths as “time capsules” describing human anatomy and the means to release spiritual abilities.

Following the As Above. So Below formula, he reveals advanced ancient scientific knowledge about the Soul, the Self and the body (including DNA) encoded in myth.

• Learn the ancient secrets of DNA.

William says the secrets of our mystic anatomy explains the perennial popularity of certain stories and why certain myths ‘hit home. And why the more ancient the myth, the more often do parts of the human body play an explicit role.

Among the great masters whose hidden teachings reveal the secrets of mystic anatomy are Pythagoras, Jesus, Isis, and Ptah (pronounced PA-TAH), the Great Physician of ancient Egypt whose hieroglyph contained a double helix of DNA.

Ptah: the Great Physician

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Among the most fundamental spiritual anatomy myths William presents are:

• How our kidney’s perform Jesus’ miracle of turning water into wine every moment of our life.

• How Jacob’s ladder to Heaven finds a fascinating parallel with the retina of the eye. The retina consists of ten layers. Nine have Latin medical names. The tenth is called ‘Jacob’s Layer’. Learn the spiritual function to this part of the eye.

• In another famous story Jacob saw God face to face at a place called Peniel. The pineal gland is considered the ‘god part’ of the brain. What coded message concerning the brain’s mysterious pineal gland lays concealed within this story.

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Understanding these and other myths and scripture is an investigation of the human body’s healing consciousness. It opens the door for our healing abilities to emerge.

William believes it will take healers into a new dimension where they discover that the human body is both the temple of God and the Holy City at the apex of myth. Properly interpreting these myths reveals the secret of God Making.

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The Gift of the Nile...

The ancient Greek historian Herodotus called Egypt the “gift of the Nile.”

EM-HOTEP